Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) social development: Sex differences in Juvenile behavior

Eaton, G. Gray; Johnson, Deanne F.; Glick, Barbara B.; Worlein, Julie M.

doi:10.1007/bf02382594

Cited by 42 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…In contrast to our prediction, males were as aggressive as females toward maternal kin throughout development, although only females remain in their natal group and have a higher chance to compete with maternal kin over the same resources. These results support the suggestion that being aggressive might largely serve a similar function for both sexes during the first years of development, and juvenile aggressive behavior does not necessarily anticipate adult patterns (Cords et al 2010;Eaton et al 1986;Raleigh et al 1979;Wolfheim 1977). Whereas affiliative behavior allows individuals to construct lasting relationships over long time frames (Kulik et al 2015), aggressive behavior might serve more immediate functions, i.e., to solve contingent conflictual situations, and thus fail to completely anticipate future patterns of interactions.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…As the third variable in the threeway interactions, we included 1) partner's sex, 2) age difference between subject and partner, 3) partner's rank, 4) subject's rank, 5) kin relation between subject and partner, or 6) mother's presence, which was included as a control and not interpreted (cf. Mundry 2014), as each of these variables might affect aggressive behavior in primates, e.g., rank (Lambert 2005;Pereira and Kappeler 1997;Silk et al 1981), sex (Dittus 1977(Dittus , 1979Eaton et al 1986;Silk et al 1981), age (Bernstein andEhardt 1985c, 1986;Campbell 2006;Valero et al 2006;Widdig et al 2001), and kin (Bernstein and Ehardt 1986;Glick et al 1986;Janus 1991a;Widdig et al 2002). To achieve a valid model we also included all the two-way interactions covered by these interactions.…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Sex Differences in the Development of Aggressive Behavior in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

et al. 2015

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Aggressive behavior plays a central role in primate life, having a crucial effect on their reproductive performance and survival and possibly affecting the formation and maintenance of social bonds. Although aggressive behavior might serve a different function in males and females, and sex differences in aggressive behavior seem to emerge early during development, very few studies have investigated whether aggressive patterns follow different developmental trajectories in male and female primates. However, the developmental perspective is crucial to understanding when differences in adults' aggression emerge and which factors trigger them. We here analyzed aggressive interactions in rhesus macaques from birth to sexual maturation (before male dispersal), including male and female focal subjects. We further considered the partner's sex, age, and rank, as well as maternal and paternal kinship, and used powerful multivariate statistical analysis. The probability to initiate aggression was largely similar for both sexes and throughout development. Both males and females were more aggressive toward partners of the same sex and similar age. In contrast, the probability of receiving aggression mostly differed between sexes across development and depended on the social context. The probability of receiving aggression increased through development. Finally, important developmental changes appeared between 2 and 3 yr of age, indicating that this period is crucial for the development of adult social roles. Our results suggest that aggressive behavior largely serves a similar function for Int J Primatol

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Sex Differences in the Development of Aggressive Behavior in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

et al. 2015

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“…The fact that sex differences are rather consistent across species and partially emerge early on during infancy (Glick et al 1986; Lonsdorf et al 2014; Milton 2002; Nakamichi 1989; cf . Eaton et al 1986) might suggest that they are not flexible, but preponderantly genetically encoded, or that environmental effects act prenatally or very early in life (Cords et al 2010; Lonsdorf et al 2014; Roney and Maestripieri 2005). For example, young male spider monkeys developed species-typical social patterns despite any male model being present in the isolated population studied, which suggests intrinsic sex differences in social behavior (Milton 2002; for a similar conclusion, see Eaton et al 1986; Roney and Maestriperi 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in the Development of Social Relationships in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

et al. 2015

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Several studies have documented the importance of social bonding for the enhancement of individual fitness. However, little is known about how social relationships develop through ontogeny, and whether their development follows the same trajectory in males and females. Here we analyzed affiliative interactions (proximity, social grooming, play) combined with demographic and genetic data in semi-free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago over their first 4 yr of life (from birth to sexual maturation) to understand how these interactions change through development in both sexes. Generalized linear mixed models revealed that social behaviors mostly followed different developmental trajectories in males and females and were highly dependent on the social context. In particular, sex differences in social behavior varied through development depending on the partner’s sex and age. Females engaged in more social interactions than males, especially with other females, and were more involved in grooming around the time of maturation. In contrast, males interacted more with males and age peers, especially around maturation. Sex differences in social behavior varied through development, but also depended on rank, partner’s rank, and kin line, although not consistently. High-ranking individuals, especially older females, were generally preferred as social partners. Moreover, both male and female individuals interacted mostly with maternal kin, although males also preferred paternal kin over nonkin. Importantly, most developmental changes in sociality happened when individuals were ca. 2 yr old, suggesting that this might be a milestone in the development of sociality in rhesus macaques. The only notable exception to this pattern was play, which was more pronounced in males from the beginning of their lives. We propose that play might serve as a trigger of sex differences in social behavior, with sex differences emerging early in development and increasing through time as males and females gradually grow into their adult social roles.

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“…Male and female macaque infants receive differential treatment early in life both from their own mothers and from other group members, and they in turn treat their mothers and other group members differently [12,24,31,41], Mothers restrain, retrieve, groom and maintain contact more with female infants than with males (rhesus macaque [6]; Japa nese macaque [41,42]). Female infants of Tibetan macaques were carried and groomed by their mothers more than male infants [25].…”

Section: Sexmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Development of Infants of Macaca thibetana at Mount Emei, China

Deng

1993

IJFP

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The development of infant Mαcαcα thibetαnα was studied at Mount Emei, China, and compared to that of other macaque species. It was found that there are many common features in the process of infant socialization in species of the genus Mαcαcα: mothers play an important and active role, other group members influence the infants’ development to a greater or lesser extent and play is a major activity in the life of infants. Some differences were found to exist, however, between macaque species. These included differences in maternal care behaviour such as ‘len’, leaving time and weaning time. Paternal behaviours were also found to vary within and among species. Tibetan macaque males care for infants extensively, and they may use infants as an agonistic buffer. The natural and social environment may also influence differences between macaque species in infant development.

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Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) social development: Sex differences in Juvenile behavior

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Sex Differences in the Development of Aggressive Behavior in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Sex Differences in the Development of Aggressive Behavior in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Sex Differences in the Development of Social Relationships in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Social Development of Infants of Macaca thibetana at Mount Emei, China

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