“…After working in Japan for 3 years, they become eligible to take the national certification exam, but the exam, only offered in Japanese, has been considered a major hurdle for these foreign workers because it tends to evaluate skills and knowledge highly embedded in local language and culture (Lan, 2016, 2018; Shinohara, 2016). A growing number of studies (Hashimoto, 2018; Kusunoki, 2018; Nunoo, 2016; Otomo, 2016) have critically examined the language ideologies and policies behind the scheme of the EPA program through the analysis of government documents, media discourse, and results of questionnaires and interviews with various stakeholders. However, few studies have investigated actual workplace activities in which these foreign care workers have taken part.…”