Japanese Usages of Terms of Relationship

Befu, Harumi; Norbeck, Edward

doi:10.1086/soutjanth.14.1.3628844

Cited by 21 publications

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“…This characteristic was later expressed as the Invariant Norm of Address (Brown 1965), which is claimed to constitute a culturally universal rule: that the linguistic form used to an inferior in dyads of unequal status is used in dyads of equal status among intimates, and that the linguistic form used to a superior in dyads of unequal status is used in dyads of equal status among strangers. This invariance has been confirmed for a variety of disparate European and nonEuropean languages (Befu & Norbeck 1958;Brown & Ford 1961;Slobin 1963). Furthermore, Kroger"s, et al study claimed that the universal relationship between social power and intimacy can also be extended to Chinese (1979).…”

Section: Kata Kuncimentioning

confidence: 85%

The Pragmatic Meanings of Address Terms Sampeyan and Anda

Susanto

2014

Indonesian J. Appl. Linguist

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This research investigates the use of sampeyan and anda by the students from Pasuruan and Probolinggo. Address terms is one of important tools in communication in Javanese society as it is used, for example, to designate the person they are talking to or to show the possession of formal and informal manners. However, the use of this address terms may have different interpretation across regions. This research is undertaken to find out (1) factors that influence the choice of address terms sampeyan and anda in Pasuruan and Probolinggo and (2) situations in which the interlocutors use the address terms sampeyan and anda. Several theories are used to help analyze the data, which include address terms (Wardhaugh, 2002), sampeyan and anda (Wolf & Poedjosoedarmo, 1982), Politeness theory (Brown & Levinson, 1987), and Power and Solidarity (Brown & Gilman, 1960). The data were obtained from the results of observations, questionnaires and interviews with the participants. The results of the study show that both sampeyan and anda were found to be commonly used by the participants to address their lecturer, instead of using Bapak. This is, of course, uncommon from either the perspective of standard usage of Javanese or Indonesian language. This study also indicates that the participants used sampeyan to lecturer/teacher, kyai, parent, and older sibling because they wanted to express (1) express politeness and (2) to indicate informality. Concerning to the use of anda, this study reveals that the participants use this address term because of (1) more formal and appropriate manners in environmental education, (2) respecting person of higher social status and older person, (3) more polite and more appropriate than sampeyan, and (4) the use of Indonesian as a formal language. In some respect, however, the participants use anda to lecturer/teacher, which is not appropriate because they were not socially equal to the lecturer/teacher. This study provide important findings which reveal that the address term of sampeyan and anda, which are widely understood by Javanese to express respect, and to express distant relationship, might be perceived and used in different way by the students coming from Pasuruan and Probolinggo. Thus, it contributes to knowledge that using the address terms sampeyan and anda to persons of higher social status should not be any longer regarded as impolite utterances because it has become social norms in those specific communities.Keywords: Address terms, sampeyan, anda, kinship MAKNA PRAGMATIS KATA SAPAAN SAMPEYAN DAN ANDA Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki penggunaan kata sapaan sampeyan dan anda oleh siswa-siswa yang berasal dari Pasuruan dan Probolinggo. Kata sapaan merupakan media komunikasi yang penting di masyarakat Jawa karena, misalnya, dapat digunakan untuk merujuk pada lawan bicara atau menunjukan sikap formal atau informal. Meski demikian,

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Section: Kata Kuncimentioning

confidence: 85%

The Pragmatic Meanings of Address Terms Sampeyan and Anda

Susanto

2014

Indonesian J. Appl. Linguist

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“…The pragmatic alternation between kin terms and names is also functionally instantiated in a manner which parallels other honorific distinctions. As noted in section 2, names are often categorically avoided in addressing seniors while kin terms are facultatively employed in addressing juniors (for representative cases, see Rumanian [Vincze : 107]; Serbian [Radojicic : 3]; Jarawa [Conant : 21]; Thakali [Vinding : 195]; Japanese [Befu and Norbeck : 67]). This asymmetry in judgments of pragmatic appropriateness of use of the ‘marked’ variant (i.e.…”

Section: The Non‐referential Function Of the Alternation In Cross‐linmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pragmatics of kin address: A sociolinguistic universal and its semantic affordances

Fleming

Slotta

2018

Journal of Sociolinguistics

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This paper focuses on an understudied sociolinguistic variable – the use of proper names as opposed to kin terms in address. We present findings from a survey of 80 speech communities that reveals a striking regularity in the way these two noun‐phrase types are used. Where kin terms alternate with names in address, kin terms are always used for senior kin and names for junior kin. The strong cross‐cultural uniformity of this alternation is not easily accounted for by reference to culture‐specific language ideologies, but neither is it explained by proposed universals of politeness. We argue that the referential and semantic properties of kin terms and names motivate culturally grounded, but convergent, conceptualizations of kin terms as honorific and names as anti‐honorific. Our study suggests that the relationship between linguistic forms and sociolinguistic functions may be language‐‘internally’ constrained in such a manner as to be subject to substantive comparative investigation.

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“…Previous studies have argued that these practices are determined by the addressee's social role and status. (Befu and Norbeck 1958;Braun 1988;Brown and Gilman 1960;Ervin-Tripp 1972;Loveday 1986;Ishikawa, Nagata, Miyai, Nagao, and Iizuka 1981;Luong 1990;Schneider and Homans 1955). These studies, however, treat the role/status of the addressee as a static identity and propose hypothetical addressee-dominated rules about how a speaker would choose address and reference terms depending on the various factors in each culture.…”

Section: Socio-cultural Aspects Of Address and Reference Termsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One strategy to keep distance for politeness reasons is to avoid using second person pronouns at all (Suzuki 1973). Befu and Norbeck (1958) maintain that anata is employed by both sexes in conversation to refer to unrelated social equals and superiors, as in the English usage of the pronoun you (1958: 78). However, it has been seen by experience that this is not an accurate description for speakers in the Tokyo area.…”

Section: Socio-cultural Aspects Of Address and Reference Termsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childrens use of address and reference terms: Language socialization in a Japanese-English bilingual environment

Morita¹

2003

Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication

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This study examines displays of understanding in two fundamentally different personal reference systems (Japanese and English) as these displays are evidenced by bilingual children in the course of naturally occurring conversational interaction. The children in this study encounter difficulties using Japanese personal reference terms in the absence of adult input specifying how the child is related to his or her interlocutor. This problem is not apparent in the same children's use of English personal reference terms, however. The data suggest that both adult input and children's creativity are necessary for finding solutions to referential dilemmas. Particularly salient in this investigation is bilingual children's insertion of English personal pronouns into Japanese speech as an ingenious solution for simplifying the Japanese reference system Ϫ code-mixing which may also serve to index the speakers' complex English-speaking and Japanese-speaking identities.

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Japanese Usages of Terms of Relationship

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

The Pragmatic Meanings of Address Terms Sampeyan and Anda

The Pragmatic Meanings of Address Terms Sampeyan and Anda

The pragmatics of kin address: A sociolinguistic universal and its semantic affordances

Childrens use of address and reference terms: Language socialization in a Japanese-English bilingual environment

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