Jaundice in the Hippocratic Corpus

Papavramidou, Niki; Fee, Elizabeth; Christopoulou-Aletra, Helen

doi:10.1007/s11605-007-0281-1

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…If we add yellow to the scleral palette, the sclera also signals liver disease ('jaundice') (Roche & Kobos 2004) and aging (Broekhuyse 1975;Watson & Young 2004). Physicians have understood the importance of scleral color in physical examinations from at least as early as the Hippocratic era several centuries BCE (Papavramidou et al 2007), but its role outside the clinic is less appreciated. Scleral color provides even casual, untrained observers with a quick estimate of the emotional and health status of an individual.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

et al. 2011

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Redness of the human eye is produced primarily by vasodilation of blood vessels of the conjunctiva, a membrane positioned over the sclera, the eye’s tough, white outer layer. Reddened eyes are a uniquely human cue because other primates lack the background of white sclera necessary to make the reddened conjunctiva visible. This study evaluates red eyes as a social and biological cue by contrasting the perception of eyes with normal ‘whites’ with copies of those eyes whose sclera were reddened by digital editing. Individuals with reddened sclera were perceived as sadder, less healthy, and less attractive than individuals with normal (white) sclera. Scleral whiteness joins such cues as smooth skin, long, lustrous hair, symmetry, averageness and sexually dimorphic traits as signs of health, beauty and reproductive fitness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

et al. 2011

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“…The description of jaundice in the Hippocratic Corpus 5 and liver regeneration in the myth of Prometheus 6 show that hepatobiliary disease and the remarkable regenerative capacity of the liver have been appreciated for millennia (Figure 1). The metabolic contribution to fatty liver disease (FLD) was capitalized on by ancient Egyptians, who force-fed geese to produce fatty liver 7 (and produce a delicacy now known as foie gras), whereas alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was recognized in Byzantium.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Zebrafish: An Important Tool for Liver Disease Research

2015

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As the incidence of hepatobiliary diseases increases, we must improve our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and physiological factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of liver disease. Animal models help us identify disease mechanisms that might be targeted therapeutically. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have traditionally been used to study embryonic development but are also important to the study of liver disease. Zebrafish embryos develop rapidly; all of their digestive organs are mature in larvae by 5 days of age. At this stage, they can develop hepatobiliary diseases caused by developmental defects or toxin- or ethanol-induced injury and manifest premalignant changes within weeks. Zebrafish are similar to humans in hepatic cellular composition, function, signaling, and response to injury as well as the cellular processes that mediate liver diseases. Genes are highly conserved between humans and zebrafish, making them a useful system to study the basic mechanisms of liver disease. We can perform genetic screens to identify novel genes involved in specific disease processes and chemical screens to identify pathways and compounds that act on specific processes. We review how studies of zebrafish have advanced our understanding of inherited and acquired liver diseases as well as liver cancer and regeneration.

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“…The yellow color imparted to the skin and sclera by elevations of plasma bilirubin has piqued the interest of physicians since the time of Hippocrates 1. Quantitation of serum bilirubin as a diagnostic test awaited the description of the diazo reagent measurement of direct and indirect bilirubin by van den Bergh and Muller in 1916 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative assessment of the multiple processes responsible for bilirubin homeostasis in health and disease

Levitt¹,

Levitt²

2014

CEG

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Serum bilirubin measurements are commonly obtained for the evaluation of ill patients and to screen for liver disease in routine physical exams. An enormous research effort has identified the multiple mechanisms involved in the production and metabolism of conjugated (CB) and unconjugated bilirubin (UB). While the qualitative effects of these mechanisms are well understood, their expected quantitative influence on serum bilirubin homeostasis has received less attention. In this review, each of the steps involved in bilirubin production, metabolism, hepatic cell uptake, and excretion is quantitatively examined. We then attempt to predict the expected effect of normal and defective function on serum UB and CB levels in health and disease states including hemolysis, extra- and intrahepatic cholestasis, hepatocellular diseases (eg, cirrhosis, hepatitis), and various congenital defects in bilirubin conjugation and secretion (eg, Gilbert’s, Dubin–Johnson, Crigler–Najjar, Rotor syndromes). Novel aspects of this review include: 1) quantitative estimates of the free and total UB and CB in the plasma, hepatocyte, and bile; 2) detailed discussion of the important implications of the recently recognized role of the hepatic OATP transporters in the maintenance of CB homeostasis; 3) discussion of the differences between the standard diazo assay versus chromatographic measurement of CB and UB; 4) pharmacokinetic implications of the extremely high-affinity albumin binding of UB; 5) role of the enterohepatic circulation in physiologic jaundice of newborn and fasting hyperbilirubinemia; and 6) insights concerning the clinical interpretation of bilirubin measurements.

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Jaundice in the Hippocratic Corpus

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

Zebrafish: An Important Tool for Liver Disease Research

Quantitative assessment of the multiple processes responsible for bilirubin homeostasis in health and disease

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