Jealousy in women with migraine: a cross-sectional case-control study

Abstract

Background: Estrogen influences susceptibility to migraine attacks and it has been suggested to affect jealousy in romantic relationships in women. Therefore, we hypothesized that migraine women may be more jealous. Methods: Jealousy levels and hormonal status were determined based on a cross-sectional, web-based, questionnaire study among female migraine patients and controls. A random sample of participants was selected from a validated migraine database. Participants with a serious and intimate monogamous relationship were included (n = 498) and divided into the following subgroups: menstrual migraine (n = 167), non-menstrual migraine (n = 103), postmenopausal migraine (n = 117), and premenopausal (n = 57) and postmenopausal (n = 54) controls. The primary outcome was the difference in mean jealousy levels between patients with menstrual migraine, nonmenstrual migraine and premenopausal controls. Results were analyzed with a generalized linear model adjusting for age, relationship duration and hormonal status (including oral contraceptive use). Additionally, the difference in jealousy levels between postmenopausal migraine patients and controls was assessed. Previous research was replicated by evaluating the effect of combined oral contraceptives on jealousy. Results: Jealousy levels were higher in menstrual migraine patients compared to controls (mean difference ± SE: 3.87 ± 1.09, p = 0.001), and non-menstrual migraine patients compared to controls (4.98 ± 1.18, p < 0.001). No difference in jealousy was found between postmenopausal migraine patients and controls (− 0.32 ± 1.24, p = 0.798). Women using combined oral contraceptives were more jealous compared to non-users with a regular menstrual cycle (2.32 ± 1.03, p = 0.025). Conclusion: Young women with migraine are more jealous within a romantic partnership.

Discrete state-dependent profiles of increased CX3CL1 in cerebrospinal fluid and serum t-Tau elevations in migraine: results from a cross-sectional case-control study

“…Only one study investigated the signi cance of t-Tau in the serum of migraine patients in the interictal phase of the disease. Overeem et al found increased concentrations of t-Tau in migraine patients compared with healthy controls (7). Based on our data, we demonstrated that this difference is driven primarily by elevated concentrations in the headache phase of the disease.…”

“…Biomarkers for neural destruction were neither elevated in this nor in previous studies, but currently there is only scarce data available on this topic (7,8). Imaging studies using radioactive tracers and mouse models furthermore point towards a critical role of microglia in migraine pathophysiology (9,10).…”

“…Further exclusion criteria were the presence of any neurodegenerative, neuro-, or systemic in ammatory condition or any lesional defect in cerebral imaging. Minor parts of the analyses were previously used to assist in the interpretation of another data set; however, they were not the main focus of the current publication (7).…”

“…Potential biomarkers for neuroin ammation are of interest, as migraine headaches, at least in part, re ect neurogenic in ammation along trigeminal afferents, including meningeal branches (6). Overeem et al recently described serum total Tau (t-Tau) as a potential novel biomarker re ecting peripheral trigeminal neuroin ammation in migraine (7). The state-dependent pattern of t-Tau release, however, remains to be determined.…”

La enfermedad de los celos en el cine

“…La violencia ejercida sobre la tercera persona lo es mediante diversas formas, en orden decreciente: agresión física (presente en 14 films), asesinato (12), intento de asesinato (11), psicológica (10), venganza (1), profesional (1), económica (1) y chantaje (1). Por lo que respecta a los tipos de violencia de género ejercidos por el celópata observamos, también en orden decreciente: agresión física (presente en 11 films), asesinato (6), sexual (6), intento de asesinato (5), secuestro (4), difamación (1) y chantaje (1).…”