JEM Spotlight: Fungi, mycotoxins and microbial volatile organic compounds in mouldy interiors from water-damaged buildings

Polizzi, Viviana; Delmulle, Barbara; Adams, An; Moretti, Antonio; Susca, Antonia; Picco, Anna Maria; Rosseel, Yves; Kindt, Ruben't; Bocxlaer, Jan Van; Kimpe, Norbert De; Peteghem, Carlos Van; Saeger, Sarah De

doi:10.1039/b906856b

Cited by 100 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The study of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) produced by moulds developed in indoor environments has been addressed by several authors, especially in relation with dampness situations and possible human health problems (Cabral, 2010;Moularat et al, 2008;Polizzi et al, 2009;Wady et al, 2003). Since the 1990s, MVOCs are often discussed to be associated with the sick building syndrome (SBS) because of their suspected role as responsible for a wide range of specific and non-specific symptoms and discomfort (Elke et al, 1999;Larsen et al, 1998;Matysik et al, 2008;Meyer et al, 1998;Wessén and Schoeps, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of volatile metabolites of moulds isolated from a contaminated library

Micheluz

Manente

Rovea

et al. 2016

Journal of Microbiological Methods

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The principal fungal species isolated from a contaminated library environment were tested for their microbial volatile organic compound (MVOC) production ability. Aspergillus creber, A. penicillioides, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Eurotium chevalieri, E. halophilicum, Penicillium brevicompactum and P. chrysogenum were cultivated on suitable culture media inside sample bottles specifically designed and created for direct MVOC injection to a GC-MS instrument. The fungal emissions were monitored over several weeks to detect changes with the aging of the colonies, monitored also by respirometric tests. A total of 55 different MVOCs were detected and isopropyl alcohol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-butanone were the principal compounds in common between the selected fungal species. Moreover, 2,4-dimethylheptane, 1,4-pentadiene, styrene, ethanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, acetone, furan and 2-methylfuran were the most detected compounds. For the first time, the MVOC production for particular fungal species was detected. The species A. creber, which belongs to the recently revised group Aspergillus section Versicolores, was characterized by the production of ethanol, furan and 1,4-pentadiene. For the xerophilic fungus E. halophilicum, specific production of acetone, 2-butanone and 1,4-pentadiene was detected, supported also by respirometric data. The results demonstrated the potential use of this method for the detection of fungal contamination phenomena inside Cultural Heritage's preservation environments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, these compounds originate from both fungal primary and secondary metabolite production, strictly depending on the fungal species, the substrate and in according to the different fungal growing phases (Korpi et al, 2009;Matysik et al, 2008;Polizzi et al, 2009). Several alcohols, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of volatile metabolites of moulds isolated from a contaminated library

Micheluz

Manente

Rovea

et al. 2016

Journal of Microbiological Methods

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“…In a study by Smith et al [26], 47% of the fungal isolates from the air flora of a damp building displayed spore-associated cytotoxic properties. This emphasizes the potential health hazards of continuous inhalation of toxigenic fungal propagules and their toxic metabolites by occupants of moldy houses [27].…”

Section: Overall Risks In Damp and Moldy Indoor Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Inspection of Environmental Mycological Load for Mitigation of Indoor Mold toward Improved Public Health

Masaphy¹,

Ezr²

2016

J Microb Biochem Technol

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“…For the assessment of human exposure, only the mycotoxin-containing particles (including fungal conidia) that can become airborne are of interest. Therefore, a combination of surface, dust and air sampling is recommended (Nielsen, 2003;Polizzi et al, 2009). …”

Section: Non-dietary Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risk for public and animal health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in food and feed

2013

EFSA Journal

137

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on sterigmatocystin (STC) in food and feed. STC is a polyketide mycotoxin that shares its biosynthetic pathway with aflatoxins. Following an EFSA call for data, analytical results from 247 food and 334 feed samples were submitted. In food, analytical results on STC were reported to be all below the limit of detection or limit of quantification. In feed, only four quantified results were reported. Therefore, the EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) concluded that the available occurrence data are too limited to carry out a reliable human and animal dietary exposure assessment. Acute oral toxicity of STC is relatively low, and liver and kidneys are the target organs. STC is mutagenic in both bacterial and mammalian cells after metabolic activation and forms DNA adducts. Tumourigenicity has been observed after oral, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous and dermal administration resulting in hepatocellular carcinomas, haemangiosarcomas in the liver, angiosarcomas in brown fat and lung adenomas. Since no exposure data were available, the margin of exposure approach for substances that are genotoxic and carcinogenic could not be applied for STC, and thus the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the risk for human health. Regarding animals, the Panel noted that STC is hepatotoxic in poultry and pigs, and nephrotoxic in poultry and toxic in several fish species. However, in the absence of exposure data for livestock, fish and companion animals, and given the limited knowledge on the adverse effects of STC, the CONTAM Panel could not characterise the risk for animal health. More occurrence data on STC in food and feed need to be collected to allow dietary exposure assessment. For food, methods with a limit of quantification of less than 1.5 µg/kg should be applied. Analytical methods for STC in food and feed based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) reach the lowest limits of detection (LOD). However, the sensitivity varies between individual matrices and whether a single or multi-analyte method is applied. So far, no certified reference materials are available for STC. In addition, no proficiency tests for STC analysis in food or feed could be identified.In the literature, only limited information is available on the occurrence of STC in different foods and feed. Most of the earlier studies using methods with rather high LODs/limits of quantification (LOQ) report a high percentage of left-censored data (often 100 %) on food and feed. Two recent studies using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with an LOD of 0.15 µg/kg and an LOQ of 0.3 µg/kg reported STC positive samples of bread and of grain intended for use as animal feed. While these data indicate that these methods are sufficiently sensitive to quantify STC in food and feed, the data were insufficient to use for a reliable exposure assessment.Moreover, STC has been occasionally reported t...

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JEM Spotlight: Fungi, mycotoxins and microbial volatile organic compounds in mouldy interiors from water-damaged buildings

Cited by 100 publications

References 49 publications

Detection of volatile metabolites of moulds isolated from a contaminated library

Detection of volatile metabolites of moulds isolated from a contaminated library

Targeted Inspection of Environmental Mycological Load for Mitigation of Indoor Mold toward Improved Public Health

Scientific Opinion on the risk for public and animal health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in food and feed

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