Jeong, Ho-Won, 2008. Understanding Conflict and Conflict Analysis. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. 264 pp. ISBN 9781412903080

Panarchies of transformation and resilience: Delineating systemic change in the society, economy, and ecology of Malakand

“…8 Prominent among them are the PATA regulations, which include Regulation I of the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas Criminal Law (Special Provisions) and Regulation II of the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas Civil Procedures (Special Provisions), 26 July 1975 (Sultan-i-Rome, 2009: 12–13). These regulations were generally resented and therefore challenged and declared void by Peshawar High Court in February 1990 (Sultan-i-Rome, 2009: 13). Subsequently, the provincial government challenged the decision in the Supreme Court of Pakistan, which upheld the decision of the High Court in February 1994.…”

“…The Provincially Administered Tribal Areas (Nifaz-e-Nizam-e-Shariah) Regulation, 1994 was promulgated, which attempted to implement the agreement with TNSM. However, due to TNSM's dissatisfaction another regulation was introduced, called Shari-Nizam-e-Adl Regulation, 1999, and it repealed the previous regulation of 1994 (Sultan-e-Rome, 2009: 14). Sultan-e-Rome (2009: 15) argues that these regulations did not satisfy the people or TNSM.…”

“…Post 9/11, a breakaway faction of TNSM under the leadership of Mullah Fazlullah joined the Tahrik Taliban Pakistan (Sultan-e-Rome, 2009: 27–28). 10 It is after the government's action against this faction that there was one of the worst confrontations between the State and Islamic militants in Pakistan's history.…”

“… 10. TNSM led by Sufi Muhammad did not agree with the armed struggle of this faction, although he primarily agreed with their aim of enforcing Sharia in the entire region (Sultan-e-Rome, 2009: 28).…”