Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style

Berggren, D. Jason; Rae, Nicol C.

doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02570.x

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The evangelical presidential style of Bush had deeply shaped the extremes to how much faith framed the foreign policy of the president (Gibbs, 2005). The latter adopted the tradition of Woodrow Wilson"s faith-based mission "to make the world safe for democracy", and entered into wars against Iraq and Afghanistan as what he beliefs to be complementary parts of the "war on terrorism" (Berggren & Rae, 2006). These unilateral actions were a reflection of Bush"s belief that neither the identification of threats nor international actions taken would be decided by a multilateral institution but rather it would be led by an American president with an American means.…”

Section: Analysis Of Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter is identified by many scholars as to the "Evangelical" or "Wilsonian" style of presidential leadership. The first and the second can be categorized under the same umbrella since both share the same alternatives concerning the integration of personal faith in handling the US executive branch (Berggren and Rae, 2006). Wilsonian style, referring to the president Woodrow Wilson, emphasizes the moralistic vision in dealing with various political issues characterizing them with selective religious rhetoric and ideal leadership towards global unique democracy and international peace.…”

Section: Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Examining the Faith-Based Us Foreign Policy of G.W. Bush in Executing Middle Eastern Affairs

Layada¹

2020

pijss

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The eager towards maintaining all initiatives linked to globalization and international power has permitted nations to interrupt the use of religion in framing its foreign policy agenda. Such use, though some countries consider as a part of the nation's defense strategy, has characterized the new millennium by a massive disorder threatening international political stability. This geopolitical situation forces researchers to go further in questioning the intercourse between the faith-based foreign policy constructing process and the soft, hard, and smart powers used by nations. The present paper highlights the presence of religion in skeletoning the US foreign policy under the George W. Bush presidency and its effect on the US-Middle Eastern political relationships. With the implication of Bush's faith, the paper identifies how the president's foreign policy has been ultimately characterized by an evangelical presidential style and addressed domestically or internationally by extensive use of religious rhetoric.

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Section: Analysis Of Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Faith-Based Us Foreign Policy of G.W. Bush in Executing Middle Eastern Affairs

Layada¹

2020

pijss

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“…Further expanding evangelical spheres of influence were the identity politics and evangelical president style upheld by President Bush, who attributed his successful election and re-election largely to the evangelical constituencies. Perhaps the only President after Carter to repeatedly express his commitment to evangelicalism in public scenarios, Bush was never shy about showing off the close relationship between religion and politics, which was also a religious vocation in his eyes (Berggren and Rae 2006). "There is only one reason that I am in the Oval Office and not in a bar.…”

Section: Politicked Crusade In Political Branches: Evangelical Relational Soft Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Positioning Religion in International Relations: The Performative, Discursive, and Relational Dimension of Religious Soft Power

Yang

2021

Religions

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Amidst the global religious resurgence in the post-secular world, the field of international relations finds itself unwilling or unable to situate religion back to theoretical paradigms subject to the Westphalian–Enlightenment prejudice. Advocates of religion’s theoretical and empirical significance often turn to religious soft power, a burgeoning theory that gradually becomes the anchorage of discussion but still suffers from conceptual ambiguity and limited explanatory capacity. This essay endeavors to fill in this lacuna by presenting the interdisciplinary attempt to integrate soft power in IR with the three dimensions of power in sociology, which results in a typology of performative, discursive, and relational dimensions of religious soft power. The explanatory and predictive capacity of this model is tested in the empirical case of the evangelical group’s influence on US foreign policy of the post 9/11 Global War on Terror. A process-level historical account based on archival sources furthers scholars’ knowledge of transnational religious actors’ ability to seize both systematic transformations at the international level and contentious dynamics in the domestic environment, which generates a reorientation in norms, identities, and values that contributes to the outcome of foreign policy, thereby answering the un-addressed question of how religion influences domestic and international politics. The bridging of IR, sociology, and historical sociology, three fields often intertwined, suggests a future direction for not only the religious return to IR but also the overcoming of the “intellectual autism” of this discipline, which needs to be better prepared for continuous challenges of soaring populism, nationalism, and clash of civilizations in the twenty-first century.

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“…George W. Bush, in his first speech after September 11, used religious rhetoric familiar to Christians but took pains to stress that the United States was not at war with Muslims or Islam (in Lincoln 2003:99‐101). Studies have described both Bush and Jimmy Carter as having an evangelical presidential style, but the two had strikingly different foreign policies toward the Middle East (Daalder and Lindsay 2003; Guth 2004; Berggren and Rae 2006). Was that due to different interpretations of their faith, or different geopolitical circumstances, interest group pressures, and electoral conditions at the time of their presidencies?…”

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confidence: 99%

Thinking about the Role of Religion in Foreign Policy: A Framework for Analysis

Warner

Walker

2010

Foreign Policy Analysis

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The article outlines a framework for the analysis of religion and foreign policy. Despite the increased attention to religion in international relations, questions remain. Particularly controversial, yet relatively unexplored, is the role of religion in the foreign policies of states. We extrapolate from theories in the fields of international relations and comparative politics to explore religion's potential avenues of influence on foreign policy. There are potential tools of analysis in these fields, which can be fruitfully extended and applied to understand the role of religion in foreign policy. We propose a framework within which various causal pathways and mechanisms can be situated. We also show how contributions from the field of religion and politics might be used to frame theories and specify further hypotheses about religion and foreign policy. After identifying the main threads of these lines of research, we discuss how to apply them to the question of the role of religion in foreign policy and set out a new research agenda. We conclude that the potential of these theoretical approaches to the analysis of religion has not yet been exploited.Religion's influence in the interactions of states is one of the great and least understood security challenges of the twenty-first century. Religion's role in international politics also presents an intellectual challenge to scholars of international relations and religion and politics. While religion has emerged as a significant factor in some analyses of international relations, controversial and unexplored questions remain concerning the role of religion in the foreign policies of states studies have attempted to assess the opinions that adherents of different faiths hold about foreign policy and to assess whether international conflicts since the end of the Cold War have occurred along religious lines (Jelen 1994;

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Jimmy Carter and George W. Bush: Faith, Foreign Policy, and an Evangelical Presidential Style

Cited by 16 publications

References 11 publications

Examining the Faith-Based Us Foreign Policy of G.W. Bush in Executing Middle Eastern Affairs

Examining the Faith-Based Us Foreign Policy of G.W. Bush in Executing Middle Eastern Affairs

Positioning Religion in International Relations: The Performative, Discursive, and Relational Dimension of Religious Soft Power

Thinking about the Role of Religion in Foreign Policy: A Framework for Analysis

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