Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights:. The Development of a Post-Cold War Foreign Policy

Schmitz, David; Walker, Vanessa

doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.2004.00400.x

Cited by 50 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…To reclaim a moral identity, the United States intensified campaigns to expand rights abroad. Upon taking office in 1977, President Jimmy Carter elevated the international promotion of human rights to a central role in foreign policy (Bloomfield 1982;Schmitz and Walker 2004). That year, the U.S. media used the term "human rights" five to ten times as often as in earlier years (Keys 2014, p. 2).…”

Section: Category 5: Signaling Commitment and The Exportation Of Huma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Individualist moral principles and the expansion of the moral circle

Singh¹,

Hoffman²

2022

Preprint

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The last three centuries have witnessed a moral and political transformation. Groups previously denied equivalent moral standing—including propertyless men, women, ethnic and religious minorities, homosexuals, and slaves—became moral equals deserving of similar legal treatment. Here we argue that this process was driven by the reputational benefits of demonstrating commitment to individualist moral principles. These principles flourished in “fluid” social ecologies with high relational mobility and weak kinship institutions, both as individuals aimed to signal impersonal prosociality and as they strove to be governed under institutions that protected substitutable individuals unbound by formal obligations. As long as parties benefited from appearing committed to these principles, and denying rights to certain groups appeared inconsistent with these principles, then those parties were incentivized to grant those rights. Given the universalist nature of these principles, people signaling commitment were also incentivized to sanction rights-based violations in other countries, helping expand rights beyond their original context. We use this account to explain both expansions and contractions of the moral circle and reconcile the roles of ideas, markets, reasoning, reputation, the Catholic Church, argumentation, moral intuition, social organization, individual strategizing, and large-scale cultural evolution.

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Section: Category 5: Signaling Commitment and The Exportation Of Huma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Individualist moral principles and the expansion of the moral circle

Singh¹,

Hoffman²

2022

Preprint

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show abstract

“…American governments have often found that their ideals and interests come into conflict when allies are human right violators. Republicans have criticized Democratic presidents for allegedly betraying allies for the sake of ideals such as democracy and human rights (Schmitz and Walker 2004;Karsh 2016). In terms of moral foundations theory, the loyalty/betrayal foundation, which pulls conservatives away from the rest of the international community, may at the same time exert the opposite effect when they are dealing with allies, making them more likely to take into account the symbolic concerns of their friends and be open to being socialized by them.…”

Section: Understanding International Cooperation Through Unga Votingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Liberal Governments More Cooperative? Voting Trends at the UN in Five Anglophone Democracies

Hanania¹

2018

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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Among both elites and the mass public, conservatives and liberal differ in their foreign policy preferences. Relatively little effort, however, has been put toward showing that, beyond the use of force, these differences affect the day-today outputs and processes of foreign policy. This article uses United Nations voting data from 1946 to 2008 of the five major Anglophone democracies of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to show that each of these countries votes more in line with the rest of the world when liberals are in power. This can be explained by ideological differences between conservatives and liberals and the ways in which the socializing power of international institutions interact with preexisting ideologies. The results hope to encourage more research into the ways in which ideological differences among the masses and elites translate into differences in foreign policy goals and practices across governments.

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“…De ahí que uno de los principales campos de disputa entre el ARA y HA fuera en qué medida resultaba apropiado sancionar a dictaduras que tradicionalmente habían sido aliadas de los Estados Unidos (Sikkink, 2004a;Sikkink, 2004b;Schmidli, 2011). Incluso para los propios sectores que sí deseaban impulsar el cambio en la política exterior, no resultaba sencillo determinar qué instrumentos utilizar para impulsar un cambio en las prácticas domésticas de otros Estados (Schmitz y Walker, 2004;Da Vinha, 2014).…”

Section: Marco Teórico Y Antecedentesunclassified

La burocracia norteamericana y el cambio de Política Exterior. La transición a la política de Derechos Humanos de Carter hacia la Argentina (1976-1977)

Avenburg

2018

RRII

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Este trabajo analiza el rol del Departamento de Estado y de la embajada norteamericana en Buenos Aires en el proceso de implementación de la política de derechos humanos de la administración Carter hacia la Argentina. Diversos trabajos han destacado la resistencia de dichos sectores a la implementación de esta política. Utilizando documentos desclasificados del Departamento de Estado, analizamos aquí dos canales de implementación: el de las sanciones económicas y militares y el de los contactos privados bilaterales. Argumentamos que si bien estos actores se opusieron a la implementación de sanciones hacia la Argentina, en el canal diplomático bilateral hubo un consistente mensaje abogando por la implementación de medidas que buscaban mejoras en la situación de los derechos humanos. Palabras clave: Derechos Humanos, Burocracia, Carter, Argentina.

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Jimmy Carter and the Foreign Policy of Human Rights:. The Development of a Post-Cold War Foreign Policy

Cited by 50 publications

References 2 publications

Individualist moral principles and the expansion of the moral circle

Individualist moral principles and the expansion of the moral circle

Are Liberal Governments More Cooperative? Voting Trends at the UN in Five Anglophone Democracies

La burocracia norteamericana y el cambio de Política Exterior. La transición a la política de Derechos Humanos de Carter hacia la Argentina (1976-1977)

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