“…Engagement can also be seen as an important way that learners actively position themselves in classroom settings and enact practices congruent with their social and personal identities (Hiver, Al-Hoorie, & Mercer, 2021). Strong learner engagement, for instance, is related to many desirable learning features and outcomes, such as higher levels of attention and focus, and greater persistence, effort and academic achievement (Fredricks et al, 2019;Reschly & Christenson, 2022). Disengagement, on the other hand, has been linked with passivity, alienation from other members in learning environments, dispersed focus, wasted attention, ineffective effort for learning, and poor persistence and commitment to learning (e.g., Reeve et al, 2018).…”