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Kim, D. W.; Kang, Byung Moo; Jeon, Byeong Kwang; Jeon, Young Shin

doi:10.1023/a:1023352126261

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Additionally, other methods like vacuum distillation were tested in the 1950s [ 6 ], but this technology was not applied extensively, possibly due to high energy consumption. More recently, a variety of methods have been developed for lithium isotope separations [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Based on their working principles, these methods can be classified into three main groups: (1) chemical exchange methods in two liquid phases, (2) electrochemical exchange methods, and (3) displacement chromatography methods (see Table 1 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods

Badea,

Niculescu,

Iordache

2023

Materials

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In terms of isotopic technologies, it is essential to be able to produce materials with an enriched isotopic abundance (i.e., a compound isotopic labelled with 2H, 13C, 6Li, 18O or 37Cl), which is one that differs from natural abundance. The isotopic-labelled compounds can be used to study different natural processes (like compounds labelled with 2H, 13C, or 18O), or they can be used to produce other isotopes as in the case of 6Li, which can be used to produce 3H, or to produce LiH that acts like a protection shield against fast neutrons. At the same time, 7Li isotope can be used as a pH controller in nuclear reactors. The COLEX process, which is currently the only technology available to produce 6Li at industrial scale, has environmental drawbacks due to generation of Hg waste and vapours. Therefore, there is a need for new eco-friendly technologies for separation of 6Li. The separation factor of 6Li/7Li with chemical extraction methods in two liquid phases using crown ethers is comparable to that of COLEX method, but has the disadvantages of low distribution coefficient of Li and the loss of crown ethers during the extraction. Electrochemical separation of lithium isotopes through the difference in migration rates between 6Li and 7Li is one of the green and promising alternatives for the separation of lithium isotopes, but this methodology requires complicated experimental setup and optimisation. Displacement chromatography methods like ion exchange in different experimental configurations have been also applied to enrich 6Li with promising results. Besides separation methods, there is also a need for development of new analysis methods (ICP-MS, MC-ICP-MS, TIMS) for reliable determination of Li isotope ratios upon enrichment. Considering all the above-mentioned facts, this paper will try to emphasize the current trends in separation techniques of lithium isotopes by exposing all the chemical separation and spectrometric analysis methods, and highlighting their advantages and disadvantages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods

Badea,

Niculescu,

Iordache

2023

Materials

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“…In the recent decades, many other techniques have been developed to separate the lithium isotope, such as electromigration, , laser, , electrochemical, , solvent extraction, − chromatography, , and membrane separation . Among them, solvent extraction and chromatography using crown ether as an extracting agent have been proven to be effective techniques for lithium isotope separation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan-graft-benzo-15-crown-5-ether/PVA Blend Membrane with Sponge-Like Pores for Lithium Isotope Adsorptive Separation

et al. 2018

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Crown ether exhibits a high separation coefficient for lithium isotope separation owing to its precise size selectivity to cations. A crown ether-based solid–liquid extraction method for the lithium isotope separation with a high extraction efficiency is regarded as a valid alternative to the classic liquid–liquid method. A chitosan- graft -benzo-15-crown-5-ether (CTS- g -B15C5)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) porous blend membrane for lithium isotope adsorptive separation was fabricated by immersion–precipitation–phase inversion. Results indicated that the finger-like structure of the blend membrane was replaced gradually by a sponge-like structure with the increase of the CTS- g -B15C5 concentration from 20 to 50 wt %. Meanwhile, the porosity and mechanical strength of the blend membrane slightly decreased from 76.9% and 2.68 MPa to 72.5% and 2.02 MPa, respectively, whereas the average pore size increased from 0.33 to 0.73 μm. The obtained CTS- g -B15C5/PVA (50/50 wt/wt) blend membrane exhibited a sponge-like asymmetrical gradient structure and good mechanical strength and used for the solid–liquid extraction experiment. It is found that the distribution coefficient increased from 13.50 to 49.33, and the single-stage separation factor increased from 1.008 to 1.046 with the immobilization amount of crown ether from 1.07 to 2.60 mmol·g –1 . It also meets the acceptable separation factor of 1.03 in a large scale of lithium isotope separation. In addition, 6 Li and 7 Li were enriched in the solid or membrane phase and the aqueous phase, respectively. In summary, the blend membrane has great potential applications in the development of green and highly efficient membrane chromatography for lithium isotope separation.

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“…A large number of isotope separation methods for lithium have been tested. − Processes used for other isotopes, such as uranium or hydrogen, were tested for its application in lithium isotope separation. Among the possibilities, we find research articles that investigate molecular distillation in vacuum, liquid–liquid extraction, − chemical exchange with different resins, − ion exchange chromatography, − zone melting and crystallization, , and separation by laser excitation. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A First Assessment on the Scale-Up Possibilities of Different Electrochemical Techniques for Lithium Isotopic Enrichment

Acosta

Flexer

2018

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Chemicals enriched in lithium isotopes are of paramount importance in the current nuclear fission technology, in future nuclear fusion technology, and in neutron detectors. Currently, lithium isotopes are obtained by using mercury amalgams, which is a nonenvironmentally friendly procedure. An interesting alternative is to take advantage of the electrochemical isotope effect. Here, we take, as the departure point, experimental data that were already reported for a prospective first stage of an electrochemical process, and we numerically simulate different scale-up possibilities. We calculate the minimum number of repetitive stages needed to reach a certain degree of isotopic enrichment. Second, we improve our simulations, considering that different operating conditions are used while keeping the same fundamental electrochemical process: a minimum of 145 stages are necessary to produce a sample with 90% enrichment in 6 Li. We conclude with a comparison on the different electrochemical technologies, in view of the complementary steps necessary for scaling up.

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Untitled

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods

New Trends in Separation Techniques of Lithium Isotopes: A Review of Chemical Separation Methods

Chitosan-graft-benzo-15-crown-5-ether/PVA Blend Membrane with Sponge-Like Pores for Lithium Isotope Adsorptive Separation

A First Assessment on the Scale-Up Possibilities of Different Electrochemical Techniques for Lithium Isotopic Enrichment

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