“…In the context of risk management training within critical operators, the DIF approach, which emphasizes difficulty, importance, and frequency, is extensively used to analyze human factor issues, especially within railway [21], train drivers [22], librarians [23], cyber defenders [19], and nuclear power plant crews [24]. Based on the analysis outcomes, human resource needs (e.g., desired levels of training, KSAO levels) can be determined, and the implications for the future performance of the task can be derived [23].…”