A seated male and a standing woman lock gazes (Fig. 8.1). The man, a cap over his unkempt hair and holding a traveler's staff across his lap, sits on a column drum in an open pose, his body turned toward the viewer. The woman, in contrast, stands upright, in profile, her left arm across her waist with a spindle and distaff in hand, while her right fingers rise to touch her chin. The couple's identities are clear from his scraggly appearance and pointed cap and from her characteristic gesture of thought. They are identifiable from the situation itself. Indeed, this is one of the most famous recognition scenes in ancient literature: Ulysses, disguised as a beggar, has returned to Ithaca after twenty years.Is Penelope puzzled, in doubt, or at this very second seeing her husband for who he really is? The static, protracted confrontation remains unresolved, leaving the viewer in suspense about both their states of mind. Tension is heightened by the presence of another viewer, a female peering over a wall, who mirrors our own observation of the couple. In this way, differing points of view and levels of awareness intersect, both within and without the picture. The emphasis on looking is not without irony, for it will be not be Ulysses' visual appearance, but his words that ultimately reveal his true identity. Resolution of the impasse requires a storyteller, and we are invited to supply, in the mind's eye, past and future events and even the verbal exchange between the two.The encounter of Ulysses and Penelope, a classic example of anagnorisis (recognition, discovery, disclosure), introduces the topic of this essay: how seeing and knowing are depicted in Roman mythological painting. In Homer's epic, Ulysses' homecoming occurs gradually, as a series of revelations of his true identity through the senses, primarily through vision, but also touch (the scar) and scent (Argos), as well as memory. The hero's successful return and physical survival depend upon the perceptions of others. The female onlooker in the fresco may well be Ulysses' nurse Eurycleia, who has earlier identified him by the scar on his leg, while this moment, the final recognition of husband by wife, will secure Ulysses' return to his former self. It was a popular scene in visual media and theater from the 6th century bce and appears in several Campanian frescoes of the 1st century ce, such as this panel in the Macellum