“…Classically, for a resistor 𝑅, the voltage fluctuations are given by 〈𝑉 2 〉 = 4 𝑘 𝐵 𝑇 𝑅 ∆𝑓 where 𝑇 is temperature, 𝑅 is the electrical resistance, and ∆𝑓 is the measurement frequency bandwidth. Johnson noise is independent of the material type, size, or shape, operating over a wide frequency band and temperature range, and is thus widely used in fundamental science and applications 27 . In two-terminal mesoscale samples, Johnson noise can be used to measure electronic thermal conductance using self-heating 12,15,28,29 , in which Joule power dissipated in a resistor is balanced by energy loss channels, generating a temperature rise.…”