“…There are many advantages of the joining-by-forming process, such as high joint strength, simple structure, low cost, high productivity, and wide applicability. It has great prospects in the field of manufacturing, which is especially suitable for the joining between dissimilar materials [9,10]. Traditional joining-by-forming processes include clinching, hemming, riveting, extrusion, forging, hydroforming, rolling, swaging, and spinning [11][12][13][14][15][16].…”