Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional approach used in medical education that is characterized by solving patient-based problems in small groups with tutor guidance. More than 50 years since PBL's inception, many questions remain to be addressed about its processes and learning outcomes. This study examined the characteristics of the 100 most cited articles on PBL in medical education to identify landmark papers that have made significant contributions to PBL research.
MethodsThe authors conducted a bibliometric analysis of the most cited articles on PBL in medical education. Results were systematically reviewed for citation frequency, publication year, journal, article type, article focus, authors, and country of first author at the time of publication.
ResultsThe articles were contributed by 212 authors in 23 journals between 1981-2016. Most articles (68%) were published in Medical Education, Academic Medicine, and Medical Teacher. The majority of the articles (71%) originated from Netherlands, Canada, and the United States and six prolific authors were identified. Almost half of the articles are classified as empirical research. Article foci included theoretical foundations of PBL, curriculum design, learning outcomes and processes, tutors, assessment, guides to PBL implementation, commentaries, and student well-being.
Discussion
3The top-cited articles cover a broad range of topics from the theoretical basis for PBL to its effectiveness. The strong author and country collaborative networks indicate continued global interest in the PBL instructional method. Our findings show a paucity of studies on the actual implementation of PBL, its long-term impact, as well as rigorous qualitative studies.