Joint forces and torques when walking in shallow water

Orselli, Maria Isabel Veras; Duarte, Marcos

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.01.017

Cited by 52 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…3, 55 Joint homeostasis relies on moderate mechanical loading, which is necessary to maintain healthy articular cartilage. 28 This loading, however, can become catabolic if appropriate intensity and duration are exceeded or result from abnormal joint mechanics.…”

Section: Occupational Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Joint Injury, Sport Activity, Physical Activity, Obesity, or Occupational Activities Predictors for Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review

Richmond

Fukuchi²,

Ezzat³

et al. 2013

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

238

199

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O steoarthritis (OA) is a significant health prob lem worldwide, affect ing approximately 10% of men and 18% of women over 60 years of age. 73 OA typically affects weight-bearing joints, is historically diagnosed later in life, and is a major cause of morbidity, disability, and pain. 20,36 The onset of OA increases with age, and up to half of people over 50 years of age report symptomatic OA.35 Some physical risk factors may also be associated with an increased rate of early onset of OA and require further investigation. For example, longitudinal studies provide evidence of a significantly increased risk of knee OA 12 to 20 years post-knee injury (ie, meniscus or anterior cruciate ligament injury). 61 In addition, there is evidence that knee and ankle injuries, T T STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review with metaanalysis. T T OBJECTIVES:To identify risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, hip, and ankle, including joint injury, sport, physical activity, overweight/obesity, and occupational activity, in all age groups. T T BACKGROUND:OA is a significant health problem worldwide, affecting up to 10% of men and 18% of women over 60 years of age. There has not been a comprehensive review examining modifiable physical risk factors associated with the onset of OA. This evidence is important to inform the physiotherapy management of individuals following onset of OA. T T METHODS:Twelve electronic databases were systematically reviewed. The studies selected met the following criteria: (1) original data; (2) joint injury, sport activity, physical activity, overweight/ obesity, and/or occupational activity investigated as risk factors; (3) outcomes included OA (hip, knee, and/or ankle); and (4) analytic component of study design. The data extracted included study design, years of follow-up, study population, OA definition, risk factors, and results (effect estimates reported or calculated where available). The quality of evidence was assessed based on a modified version of the Downs and Black checklist. T T RESULTS:Joint injury, obesity, and occupational activity were associated with an increased risk of OA of the knee and hip. Sport and physical activity produced inconsistent findings. Joint injury was identified as a significant risk factor for knee OA (combined odds ratio = 3.8; 95% confidence interval: 2.0, 7.2) and hip OA (combined odds ratio = 5.0; 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 18.2), as was previous meniscectomy with or without anterior cruciate ligament injury for knee OA (combined odds ratio = 7.4; 95% confidence interval: 4.0, 13.7). There is a paucity of research examining risk factors associated with ankle OA; this review identified only 2 studies with this outcome. T T CONCLUSION:Joint injury, obesity, and occupational activity are associated with an increased risk of knee and hip OA. Some findings remain inconclusive, including levels of physical activity and sport specificity in individuals who do not suffer an injury. Early identification of individuals at risk for OA provides an opportunity for physiot...

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Section: Occupational Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Are Joint Injury, Sport Activity, Physical Activity, Obesity, or Occupational Activities Predictors for Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review

Richmond

Fukuchi²,

Ezzat³

et al. 2013

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy

238

199

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The real coordinates were reconstructed using a direct linear transformation (DLT) algorithm in the land condition and a localised DLT algorithm to account for refraction in the water condition (Kwon & Casebolt, 2006;Orselli & Duarte, 2011). In order to obtain an indication of reliability of our outcome variables, the trials were digitised twice by the researcher and twice by an investigator with experience in digitisation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From a mechanical point of view, there are two main reasons for this: the decrease of the apparent body weight due to the buoyant force and the increased resistance to movement due to the drag force exerted by the water on the human body. Thus, movements underwater compared to land are slower, allowing us a better control of them in addition to the fact that the impacting forces on the musculoskeletal system are reduced (Barela & Duarte, 2008;Barela, Stolf, & Duarte, 2006;Orselli & Duarte, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Walking in water is commonly used as an activity for training and rehabilitation (Orselli & Duarte, 2011;Prins & Cutner, 1999;Roper, Bressel, & Tillman, 2013). It has been noted that backward and forward locomotion constitute a beneficial mode of exercise, decreasing disability and enhancing the degree of mobility and symmetry (Denning, Bressel, & Dolny, 2010;Gharib, El-Maksoud, & Rezk-Allah, 2011;Kim & Eng, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the analysis of a gait cycle, stride duration, support phase (Barela & Duarte, 2008;Orselli & Duarte, 2011), stride length (Barela & Duarte, 2008;Masumoto, Hamada, Tomonaga, Kodama, & Hotta, 2012;Masumoto, Shono, Hotta, & Fujishima, 2008;Orselli & Duarte, 2011) and the knee, ankle and hip angles (Carneiro et al, 2012) were lower on land than in water (mean decreased of 11% for stride length, of 60.7% for stride duration, of 4% for support phase duration and of 57.3% for joint angles) whilst the speed was a 34% greater (Chevutschi et al, 2009;Barela & Duarte, 2008;Barela et al, 2006;Carneiro et al, 2012). In addition, it is interesting to note that, to the best of our knowledge, few studies have examined the influence of different frequencies in kinematics variables and such information could be useful for researchers, clinicians, physiotherapists and sport scientists.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking forward and backward in water at different stride frequencies

Cadenas-Sánchez

Arellano

Taladriz

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The aim of this study was to examine spatiotemporal characteristics and joint angles during forward and backward walking in water at low and high stride frequency. Eight healthy adults (22.1 ± 1.1 years) walked forward and backward underwater at low (50 pulses) and high frequency (80 pulses) at the xiphoid process level with arms crossed at the chest. The main differences observed were that the participants presented a greater speed (0.58 vs. 0.85 m/s) and more asymmetry of the step length (1.24 vs. 1.48) at high frequency whilst the stride and step length (0.84 vs. 0.7 m and 0.43 vs. 0.35 m, respectively) were lower compared to low frequency (P < 0.05). Support phase duration was higher at forward walking than backward walking (61.2 vs. 59.0%). At initial contact, we showed that during forward walking, the ankle and hip presented more flexion than during backward walking (ankle: 84.0 vs. 91.8º and hip: 22.8 vs. 8.0º; P < 0.001). At final stance, the knee and hip were more flexed at low frequency than at high frequency (knee: 150.0 vs. 157.0º and hip: -12.2 vs. -14.5º; P < 0.001). The knee angle showed more flexion at forward walking (134.0º) than backward walking (173.1º) (P < 0.001). In conclusion, these results show how forward and backward walking in water at different frequencies differ and contribute to a better understanding of this activity in training and rehabilitation.

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Aquatic training in MS : neurotherapeutic impact upon quality of life

Frohman

Okuda

Beh

et al. 2015

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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Three fundamental principals associated with aquatic therapy differentiate it with respect to exercise on land, and in air. These are buoyancy (reduction in weight of the body within the buoyant medium of water), viscosity (a “drag force” is generated when moving within water, when compared with the same movement in air), and the thermodynamic aspect of water exercise, during which the heat capacity of water is about 1000 times greater than that of an equivalent amount of air; equating to a heat transfer from the body into water at a rate 25 times faster than that of air. Aquatic conditioning, can improve neurologic functioning, with dividends favorably impacting activities of daily living, health maintenance, safety, and ultimately quality of life. Here, we review the application of aquatic exercise training in MS patients.

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Joint forces and torques when walking in shallow water

Cited by 52 publications

References 11 publications

Are Joint Injury, Sport Activity, Physical Activity, Obesity, or Occupational Activities Predictors for Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review

Are Joint Injury, Sport Activity, Physical Activity, Obesity, or Occupational Activities Predictors for Osteoarthritis? A Systematic Review

Biomechanical characteristics of adults walking forward and backward in water at different stride frequencies

Aquatic training in MS : neurotherapeutic impact upon quality of life

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