Joint Opinion on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) focused on zoonotic infections

,

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1372

Cited by 60 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 145 publications

(158 reference statements)

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“…The antimicrobials included in the MDR analysis were ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin and tetracyclines. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was also estimated, as these two antimicrobials are considered the most important for treatment of severe campylobacteriosis (ECDC et al, 2009). Dilution and disc diffusion testing methods were used by reporting MSs for susceptibility testing, and both quantitative 10 and qualitative 11 data were reported at the EU level.…”

Section: Salmonella Data Of Human Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

EU Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013

2015

EFS2

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The antimicrobial resistance data on zoonotic and indicator bacteria in 2013, submitted by 28 EU MSs, were jointly analysed by EFSA and ECDC. Resistance in zoonotic Salmonella and Campylobacter species from humans, animals and food, and resistance in indicator Escherichia coli and enterococci, as well as data on meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, in animals and food were addressed. 'Microbiological' resistance was assessed using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values in animal and food isolates and, where possible, in human isolates. For human isolates interpreted based on clinical breakpoints, the 'clinically' resistant and 'intermediate' resistant categories were combined into a 'non-susceptible' group, resulting in close correspondence with the ECOFF-defined 'microbiological' resistance for most antimicrobials. In Salmonella from humans, high proportions of isolates were resistant to ampicillin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines, while proportions of isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and clinically non-susceptible to fluoroquinolones generally remained low. In Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from fowl, pigs, cattle and meat thereof, resistance to ampicillin, tetracyclines and sulfonamides was commonly detected, while resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was generally uncommon. High to very high resistance to (fluoro)quinolones was observed in Salmonella from turkeys, fowl and broiler meat. In Campylobacter from humans, a high to very high proportion of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracyclines, while resistance to erythromycin was low to moderate. The resistance to fluoroquinolones in some MSs was extremely high; in such settings, the effective treatment option for human enteric Campylobacter infection may be significantly reduced. High to extremely high resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and tetracyclines was observed in Campylobacter isolates from fowl, broiler meat, pigs and cattle, whereas much lower levels were observed for erythromycin and gentamicin. Increasing trends in ciprofloxacin resistance were observed in Campylobacter from broilers and/or pigs in several MSs. Multi-resistance and co-resistance to critically important antimicrobials in both human and animal isolates were uncommon. A minority of isolates from animals belonging to a few Salmonella serovars (notably Kentucky and Infantis) had a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin. SummaryZoonoses are infections that are transmissible between animals and humans. Infection can be acquired directly from animals, or through the ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs. The severity of these diseases in humans can vary from mild symptoms to life-threatening conditions. The zoonotic bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials are of particular concern, as they might compromise the effective treatment of infections in humans. In order to follow the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic bacteria isolated from humans, animals and food in the European Union (EU), ...

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Section: Salmonella Data Of Human Originmentioning

confidence: 99%

EU Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013

2015

EFS2

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“…However, this intensive use of antibiotics has given rise to the emergence of resistant strains of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms that are able to spread to humans, either directly through the food chain or indirectly via the environmental pollution caused by farm effluents1. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has played an essential role in monitoring and detecting the risks posed by the emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria within the food industry2. As an alternative to the use of antibiotics, bacteriophages are promising therapeutic agents due to their ubiquity, high specificity, replication capacity inside their host, and their ease of isolation and production.…”

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confidence: 99%

Microencapsulation with alginate/CaCO3: A strategy for improved phage therapy

Colom

Cano‐Sarabia

Otero

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

132

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Bacteriophages are promising therapeutic agents that can be applied to different stages of the commercial food chain. In this sense, bacteriophages can be orally administered to farm animals to protect them against intestinal pathogens. However, the low pH of the stomach, the activities of bile and intestinal tract enzymes limit the efficacy of the phages. This study demonstrates the utility of an alginate/CaCO3 encapsulation method suitable for bacteriophages with different morphologies and to yield encapsulation efficacies of ~100%. For the first time, a cocktail of three alginate/CaCO3-encapsulated bacteriophages was administered as oral therapy to commercial broilers infected with Salmonella under farm-like conditions. Encapsulation protects the bacteriophages against their destruction by the gastric juice. Phage release from capsules incubated in simulated intestinal fluid was also demonstrated, whereas encapsulation ensured sufficient intestinal retention of the phages. Moreover, the small size of the capsules (125–150 μm) enables their use in oral therapy and other applications in phage therapy. This study evidenced that a cocktail of the three alginate/CaCO3-encapsulated bacteriophages had a greater and more durable efficacy than a cocktail of the corresponding non-encapsulated phages in as therapy in broilers against Salmonella, one of the most common foodborne pathogen.

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“…A major factor in the development of antibiotic resistance, a risk to public health, is the simultaneous use of therapeutic agents, such as ampicillin, trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones, in humans and food-producing animals. (32), showing increased virulence, thus increasing the costs of disease to the pig industry (1,33) and becoming sources of such bacteria for humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pork Meat as a Potential Source of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae Infection in Humans

et al. 2014

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c Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae was isolated from 13 of 123 slaughtered pigs in central Greece. The samples cultured were feces, ileum tissue, mesenteric lymph nodes, and gallbladder swabs. A total of 74 isolates from 492 samples were identified as Salmonella spp. by use of standard laboratory culture media and two commercial micromethods and by use of a polyvalent slide agglutination test for the detection of O and H antigens. Among them were 19 (25.68%) suspected to be S. enterica subsp. arizonae according to analysis with standard laboratory culture media. Of those, 14 were identified as S. enterica subsp. arizonae by the API 20E (bioMérieux, France) and the Microgen GnA؉B-ID (Microgen Bioproducts, Ltd., United Kingdom) identification systems. All the isolates were tested for resistance to 23 antimicrobials. Strains identified as S. enterica subsp. arizonae were resistant to 17 (70.8%) antibiotics. The highest proportions of resistance were observed for sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (71.4%), tetracycline (71.4%), ampicillin (64.3%), and amoxicillin (57.1%). Two isolates were resistant to aztreonam (7.1%) and tigecycline (7.1%), used only for the treatment of humans. Thus, pork meat may play a role in the transmission of antibioticresistant S. enterica subsp. arizonae to human consumers. This is the first report of S. enterica subsp. arizonae isolation from pigs.

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Joint Opinion on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) focused on zoonotic infections

Cited by 60 publications

References 145 publications

EU Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013

EU Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2013

Microencapsulation with alginate/CaCO3: A strategy for improved phage therapy

Pork Meat as a Potential Source of Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae Infection in Humans

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