“…It may include the following elements: Challenge, Levels, Leaderboard, Story, Badges, Rewards , and Points ; - Performance: this behavior includes game design elements that were used by several works (Smith and Baker, 2011 ; Cheong et al, 2013 ; Domínguez et al, 2013 ; Hakulinen et al, 2013 ) suggesting their use for increasing students' learning outcomes. It includes the following elements: Story, Feedback, Rewards, Badges, Challenges, Leaderboard, Points , and Levels ;
- Enjoyment: this behavior encompasses the game design elements used in the empirical works that are amenable to increase students' enjoyment (i.e., fun) (Landers and Callan, 2011 ; Hernández Ibáñez and Barneche Naya, 2012 ; Li et al, 2012 ; Denny, 2013 ). The following game design elements are included in this behavior: Story, Rewards, Badges, Points, Avatar , and Challenges ;
- Exploration: this behavior is supported by some empirical works (Fitz-Walter et al, 2011 ; Spence et al, 2012 ) which suggest that using some game design elements could enhance the exploration of the educational system by students.
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