JP-8 Jet Fuel Can Promote Auditory Impairment Resulting From Subsequent Noise Exposure in Rats

Fechter, Laurence D.; Gearhart, Caroline; Fulton, Sherry; Campbell, Jerry L.; Fisher, Jeffrey W.; Na, Kwangsam; Cocker, David R.; Nelson-Miller, Alisa; Moon, Patrick; Pouyatos, Benoı̂t

doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm101

Cited by 43 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Simultaneous exposure to noise and ototoxic agents, such as solvents during the blast exposure or medications, can cause synergistic interactions, increasing damage [3][4]. Ear and balance deficits are commonly overlooked in patients with polytrauma, and patients with TBI can be misdiagnosed as unresponsive when hearing loss is present [5].…”

Section: Hearing Loss Associated With Blast Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory and vestibular dysfunction associated with blast-related traumatic brain injury

Fausti¹,

Wilmington²,

Gallun³

et al. 2009

JRRD

187

117

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Abstract-The dramatic escalation of blast exposure in military deployments has created an unprecedented amount of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated auditory impairment. Auditory dysfunction has become the most prevalent individual service-connected disability, with compensation totaling more than 1 billion dollars annually. Impairment due to blast can include peripheral hearing loss, central auditory processing deficits, vestibular impairment, and tinnitus. These deficits are particularly challenging in the TBI population, as symptoms can be mistaken for posttraumatic stress disorder, mentalhealth issues, and cognitive deficits. In addition, comorbid factors such as attention, cognition, neuronal loss, noise toxicity, etc., can confound assessment, causing misdiagnosis. Furthermore, some auditory impairments, such as sensorineural hearing loss, will continue to progress with age, unlike many other injuries. In the TBI population, significant clinical challenges are the accurate differentiation of auditory and vestibular impairments from multiple, many times overlapping, symptoms and the development of multidisciplinary rehabilitation strategies to improve treatment outcomes and quality of life for these patients.

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Section: Hearing Loss Associated With Blast Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory and vestibular dysfunction associated with blast-related traumatic brain injury

Fausti¹,

Wilmington²,

Gallun³

et al. 2009

JRRD

187

117

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“…This investigation stems from the observation that nose-only inhalation exposure to JP-8 jet fuel yielded a significant depletion in total liver glutathione (GSH) levels (Fechter et al, 2007). This finding appeared to substantiate and extend in vitro data showing a pronounced decrease in total GSH in a lung epithelial cell culture system exposed to JP-8 for 12 h (Boulares, et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 57%

“…The same fuel generation system was utilized for both the whole-body and nose-only exposure chambers. This system has been previously described in detail (Fechter et al, 2007). Briefly, the system consisted of a nebulizer and traps designed to reduce the aerosol component of the fuel to 5% or below.…”

Section: Fuel Generation and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For both exposure procedures, the fuel concentration used was 1000 mg/m 3 . The fuel-air mixture delivered to the nose-only chambers has previously been characterized with respect to vapor:aerosol ratio, distribution of aerosol size, and the hydrocarbon profile of both the aerosol and vapor phases (Fechter, et al, 2007).…”

Section: Fuel Generation and Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The intent of this work was to replicate and extend the earlier findings of Fechter et al (2007). Specifically, nose-only and whole-body inhalation exposures to JP-8 and to clean, filtered air were compared relative to an added control group that received no treatment and were allowed to remain in their home cage until tissues were harvested.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Depletion of Liver Glutathione Levels in Rats: A Potential Confound of Nose-Only Inhalation

Fechter

Nelson-Miller

Gearhart

2008

Inhalation Toxicology

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Nose-only inhalation exposure chambers offer key advantages to whole-body systems, particularly when aerosol or mixed aerosol-vapor exposures are used. Specifically, nose-only chambers provide enhanced control over the route of exposure and dose by minimizing the deposition of particles either on the subjects skin/fur or on surfaces of a whole-body exposure system. In the current series of experiments, liver, brain, and lung total glutathione (GSH) levels were assessed following either nose-only or whole-body exposures to either jet fuel or to clean, filtered air. The data were compared to untreated control subjects. Acute nose-only inhalation exposures of rats resulted in a significant depletion of liver GSH levels both in subjects that were exposed to clean, filtered air as well as those exposed to JP-8 jet fuel and to a synthetic jet fuel. Glutathione levels were not altered in lung or brain tissue. Whole-body inhalation exposure had no effect on GSH levels in any tissue for any of the treatment groups. A second experiment demonstrated that the loss of GSH did not occur if rats were anaesthetized prior to and during nose-only exposure to clean, filtered air or to mixed hydrocarbons. These data appear to be consistent with studies demonstrating depletion in liver GSH levels among rats subjected to restraint stress. Finally, the depletion of GSH that was observed in liver following a single acute exposure was reduced following five daily exposures to clean, filtered air, suggesting the possibility of habituation to restraint in the nose-only exposure chamber. The finding that placement in a nose-only exposure chamber per se yields liver GSH depletion raises the possibility of an interaction between this mode of toxicant exposure and the toxicological effects of certain inhaled test substances.Nose-only inhalation exposure chambers provide toxicologists with a convenient means of exposing laboratory animals to investigational compounds while minimizing the deposition of such compounds on the subjects' skin or fur from which it might be ingested. Nose-only exposure, then, is particularly useful when test compounds contain significant aerosol components and when the investigator either seeks to determine the effect of the test compound specifically on the lungs and conducting airways or wishes to model deposition of compounds in these airways.This investigation stems from the observation that nose-only inhalation exposure to JP-8 jet fuel yielded a significant deple-

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Neurotoxicology and Behavior

Boyes¹

2012

Patty's Toxicology

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Neurotoxicity is important to consider as a component of occupational and environmental safety and health programs. The failure to do so has contributed to a number of cases in which workers, consumers of manufactured products, and people exposed in the environment were irreparably harmed by exposure to compounds that proved toxic to the nervous system. The field of neurotoxicology originated in response to several episodes of mass poisoning and developed through advances in clinical practice, scientific research, and regulatory actions. This chapter reviews broadly the development of the field of neurotoxicity and discusses some of the predominant current issues. The chapter includes an introduction to the structure and function of the nervous system, the response to injury, the evaluation of sensory, cognitive, and motor functions, and effects on emotionality, mood, and social conduct. Recently, there has been a growing emphasis on potential toxic effects on neurodevelopment and contributions to neurodegenerative diseases. Also, there is a large and growing effort to develop more rapid and cost‐efficient screening tests for potential neurotoxicity. A brief overview of some of the major classes of neurotoxic substances is provided including metals, solvents, pesticides, and persistent organic compounds. Finally, the need for programs to prevent neurotoxic illness is discussed.

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JP-8 Jet Fuel Can Promote Auditory Impairment Resulting From Subsequent Noise Exposure in Rats

Cited by 43 publications

References 46 publications

Auditory and vestibular dysfunction associated with blast-related traumatic brain injury

Auditory and vestibular dysfunction associated with blast-related traumatic brain injury

Depletion of Liver Glutathione Levels in Rats: A Potential Confound of Nose-Only Inhalation

Neurotoxicology and Behavior

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