Judging the sources of inferior groundwater quality and health risk problems through intake of groundwater nitrate and fluoride from a rural part of Telangana, India

Assessment of health hazard due to fluoride in groundwater from a rural area in east‐coast of India and remedial measures

“…The concentrations of F − has been taken for computation of health hazard quotient (HHQ) for infants, children, male and female adults (Li, et al, 2019a;Rezaei et al, 2019;Selvam et al, 2020;Subba Rao et al, 2020;Subba Rao et al, 2021;Wu et al, 2020;Gugulothu et al, 2022;Nawale et al, 2021;Razzagh et al, 2021) following Equations ( 2) and…”

“…The concentrations of F − has been taken for computation of health hazard quotient (HHQ) for infants, children, male and female adults (Li, et al., 2019a; Rezaei et al., 2019; Selvam et al., 2020; Subba Rao et al., 2020; Subba Rao et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2020; Gugulothu et al., 2022; Nawale et al., 2021; Razzagh et al., 2021) following Equations (2) and (3) suggested by USEPA (2014). $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{Average\; daily\; dose\; (Dd) = }}\frac{{{\mathrm{Ci \times Ir \times Ed \times Ef}}}}{{{\mathrm{Bw \times Et}}}}\end{equation}$$$$ $$$$\begin{equation}{\mathrm{Health\; hazard\; quotient\; (HHQ) = }}\frac{{{\mathrm{Dd}}}}{{{\mathrm{Rd}}}}\end{equation}$$$$…”

Groundwater chemistry and health hazard risk valuation of fluoride and nitrate enhanced groundwater from a semi-urban region of South India

“…8). The dominance of the carbonate water type over alkaline earth (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) and weak acids (HCO 3  ) are significantly higher than the alkalis (Na + and K + ) and strong acids (Cl  and SO  2 4 ), representing the prevailing conditions of the water-rock interactions (Gugulothu 2022). The mixed type water with the dominance of Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -Clions and excess type water with Na + -Cldominance and Ca 2+ -Mg 2+ -Cltype water signifies the movement of the carbonate type towards the mixed type water and excess type water, which also evidently agrees with the control of water-rock interactions in the aquifer regime.…”

Multi-criterion approach for assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and human health risk of groundwater in Khartoum State, Sudan

“…The available freshwater resources to fulfil the water supply demands cover a small percentage of the world's overall water resources; a significant part of the freshwater is provided by groundwater 1 . Most people worldwide rely on groundwater for drinking and agricultural purposes 2 . The utilization of groundwater for domestic and agricultural purposes has raised its demand globally since it contributes to economic and social stability 3 .…”

“…By defining the link between groundwater contamination and human health using the toxicity data of the pollutants, the primary goal of health risk assessment is to determine the possible human risk level and provide recommendations for the prevention and control of pollution. This technique has been used frequently to evaluate potential negative health effects brought on by exposure of humans to polluted water 2,[30][31][32][33][34][35] . Nitrate contamination of groundwater has a detrimental effect on human health.…”