Judgment of personal characteristics and emotions from nonverbal properties of speech.

Kramer, Ernest

doi:10.1037/h0044890

Cited by 147 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The inference of personality from voice seems to be too intriguing a topic to accept wholeheartedly the disappointing conclusion, suggested by many early research efforts, that voice-based personality judgments are mostly stereotyped and inaccurate (Kramer, 1963). Even though this area, along with many others, has gone out of fashion, a small but steady trickle of research reports (cf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality inference from voice quality: The loud voice of extroversion

Scherer¹

1978

Euro J Social Psych

291

165

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personality inference from voice quality: The loud voice of extroversion

Scherer¹

1978

Euro J Social Psych

291

165

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“…With respect to voice quality, studies have shown that among other attributes, a person's age, intelligence, and emotional state can be abstracted from the voice alone (see review ofliterature by Kramer, 1963;Archer, 1991). The change in voice quality in emotional situations appears in part to be due to physiological changes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Perceiving affect from the voice and the face

Massaro

Egan

1996

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

245

163

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This experiment examines how emotion is perceived by using facial and vocal cues of a speaker. Three levels of facial affect were presented using a computer-generated face. Three levels of vocal affect were obtained by recording the voice of a male amateur actor who spoke a semantically neutral word in different simulated emotional states. These two independent variables were presented to subjects in all possible permutations--visual cues alone, vocal cues alone, and visual and vocal cues together-which gave a total set of 15 stimuli. The subjects were asked to judge the emotion of the stimuli in a two-alternative forced choice task (either HAPPy or ANGRY). The results indicate that subjects evaluate and integrate information from both modalities to perceive emotion. The influence of one modality was greater to the extent that the other was ambiguous (neutral). The fuzzy logical model of perception (FLMP)fit the judgments significantly better than an additive model, which weakens theories based on an additive combination of modalities, categorical perception, and influence from only a single modality.Research has shown that we use multiple sources of information when we comprehend speech (Massaro, 1987b(Massaro, , 1989Massaro & Cohen, 1990). Visual information from a speaker's face, for example, can strongly influence speech perception, especially when the auditory information is degraded: in one study, recognition of auditory sentences in noisy environments improved from 23% to 65% when the perceivers could also see the speaker's face (Summerfield, 1979). We also use multiple sources of information when we perceive a speaker's emotion. These sources include a variety ofparalinguistic signals, as well as the speech's verbal content. The emotion may be interpreted in different ways, depending on the voice quality, facial expression, and body language ofthe speaker. To study the degree to which paralinguistic sources of information are used, it is important that one first define these sources and then determine how they are evaluated and integrated. In the present study, in order to investigate the perception of a speaker's emotion, two sources of paralinguistic information were varied: facial expressions and vocal cues.Facial expressions are an effective means of communicating emotion. Darwin (1872) argued that facial expressions originate in basic acts of self-preservation common to human beings and other animals, and that these expressions are related to the emotional states that they convey. Research by Meltzoff and Moore (1977) suggests that we are biologically prepared from birth to respond to facial expressions. They produced evidence which showed that

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“…Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 3815 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104. This research has demonstrated the ability of listener-judges to identify accurately role-played emotional expression from content-free speech such as letters or numerals, standard text, and content-filtered speech (Kramer, 1963a(Kramer, , 1964Davitz, 1964;Vetter, 1969). Earlier research had identified some of the vocal cues that seem to carry emotional meaning such as pitch level (Ruckmick, 1936), amplitude, rate of speech (Fairbanks and Hoaglin, 1941), and sequential pattern of the speech flow (Dusenberry and Knower, 1939;Knower, 1941).…”

Section: This Research Was Supported By a Research Grant (Gs-2654) Frmentioning

confidence: 99%