Judgments of photographs vs. field observations in studies of perception and judgment of the visual environment

Stewart, Thomas R.; Middleton, Paulette; Downton, Mary W.; Ely, Daniel

doi:10.1016/s0272-4944(84)80001-8

Cited by 94 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Comparisons of group means for the views studied showed consistently high positive correlations (averaging about 0.90) between on-site ratings of scenic beauty and ratings by the same hikers based on colour prints mailed to their homes several months later. These results are supported by Stewart et al (1984) who also found that landscape quality assessments based on photographic information closely matched assessments based on direct landscape experience.…”

Section: Evaluating Landscape Benefitssupporting

confidence: 56%

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Assessing the Value of Forest Landscapes: A Choice Experiment Approach

Garrod

Ruto

Snowdon

2009

Arboricultural Journal

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Landscape planning and design occupies a major role in forest policy in the UK. Since the 1980s, UK forests have been managed increasingly for multi-purpose objectives, a policy which has been underpinned by international agreements on sustainable forestry. Within this context, there is a need to understand public preferences for forest landscapes in designing policies that meet the needs of multi-purpose forestry. This paper is based on a study to investigate public willingness to pay (WTP) for regular visual and recreational access to a wide variety of generic forest landscapes. A total of 33 forest landscapes were investigated, each of which was defined as a combination of the configuration of the planting and the landscape factors. Computer-generated images of each of these landscapes were used to underpin a series of choice experiments conducted as part of a questionnaire survey of over 400 households across Great Britain. The results confirm the importance of landscape in contributing to the social and environmental benefits provided by forests and suggests that current policies of woodland expansion may generate additional benefits especially if more woodland is located close to urban populations. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these results for forest policy across the UK.

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Section: Evaluating Landscape Benefitssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…Daniel and Vining, 1983;Stewart et. al., 1984;Garcia Perez, 2002) and, to a limited extent, in environmental valuation studies (e.g.…”

Section: Evaluating Landscape Benefitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Value of Forest Landscapes: A Choice Experiment Approach

Garrod

Ruto

Snowdon

2009

Arboricultural Journal

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“…In terms of praxis, these results may be applied to the design and development of systems that support visually guided behavior or visual monitoring (Stewart, Middleton, Downton, & Ely, 1984). With such systems, it is often desirable to present visual displays with the widest possible area of view, allowing the user to scan the simulated environment more naturally (Patterson, Buede, Kraft, & Mitchell, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distance perception as a function of photographic area of view

Kraft

Green

1989

Perception & Psychophysics

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Distance perception of depicted objects was examined as a function of photographic area of view. Subjects viewed slides of natural outdoor scenes and directly estimated the distances to specified objects. Area of view was manipulated by means of photographing each scene with lenses of five different focal lengths: 135, 80, 48, 28, and 17 mm. Distance perception along the pictorial depth plane was systematically transformed through changing the photographic area of view: the shorter the focal length of the camera lens, the wider the area of view, and the greater the perceived distance. Linear functions for each subject's distance judgments revealed a very high goodness of fit. Both the y-intercepts and the slopes increased as focal length decreased. The increasing y-intercepts suggest that viewers place themselves farther away from the depicted scene as focal length decreases, compensating for the advancing proximal edge. The increasing slopes suggest that distance information throughout the pictorial depth plane appears to change with focal length. The subjects also made direct judgments of foreground truncation, revealing that foreground truncation decreased as focal length decreased, but that this decrease did not account for the considerable expansion in distance perception.

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“…Nevertheless, Hammond (1972) concluded that formal situational sampling is "clearly feasible," and he advocated that until technological advances allowed substantive situational sampling, researchers should use formal situational sampling (Hammond, 1966). Nowadays, computers, film, and tape are readily available and can be effectively used to capture and reproduce environments (e.g., P. N. Juslin, 1997;Shaw & Gifford, 1994;Stewart, Middleton, Downton, & Ely, 1984). In sum, whereas Brunswik proposed sampling real stimuli from the environment, Hammond (1966) advocated creating stimuli that were representative in terms of the formal informational properties of the environment.…”

Section: After Brunswik: Hammond's Interpretation Of Representative Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Representative Design in an Ecological Approach to Cognition.

Dhami¹,

Hertwig²,

Hoffrage³

2004

Psychological Bulletin

375

285

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Egon Brunswik argued that psychological processes are adapted to environmental properties. He proposed the method of representative design to capture these processes and advocated that psychology be a science of organism-environment relations. Representative design involves randomly sampling stimuli from the environment or creating stimuli in which environmental properties are preserved. This departs from systematic design. The authors review the development of representative design, examine its use in judgment and decision-making research, and demonstrate the effect of design on research findings. They suggest that some of the practical difficulties associated with representative design may be overcome with modern technologies. The importance of representative design in psychology and the implications of this method for ecological approaches to cognition are discussed.

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Judgments of photographs vs. field observations in studies of perception and judgment of the visual environment

Cited by 94 publications

References 14 publications

Assessing the Value of Forest Landscapes: A Choice Experiment Approach

Assessing the Value of Forest Landscapes: A Choice Experiment Approach

Distance perception as a function of photographic area of view

The Role of Representative Design in an Ecological Approach to Cognition.

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