This paper sets the background to the Special Issue of the Journal of Empirical Finance on Challenges of Corporate Governance. It identifies the alternative approaches that can be taken to solve agency problems stemming from asymmetries of information: (i) ex-post monitoring through audit and information provision, (ii) ex-ante monitoring through boards, and (iii) incentivisation through the alignment of managerial incentives with shareholders. It discusses how the UK and the US have responded to corporate failures and relates the development of regulation in these countries to the three alternative approaches. It concludes with a discussion of three groups of challenges: (i) understanding alternative regulatory approaches, (ii) determining the importance of geo-diversity of business culture, and (iii) overcoming the problems of the political economy of corporate governance.Acknowledgements: I would like to thank all participants of the conference "Challenges of corporate governance: Twenty years after Cadbury, ten years after Sarbanes-Oxley", 24-25 June 2013, for making the conference such a great and successful event. In particular, I would like to thank Professor Kevin Murphy and Professor David Yermack for their inspiring talks as the Keynote speakers and during the conference interactions. I would also like to thank Lord Ian MacLaurin, Lord Christopher Tugendhat, Sir Julian Horn-Smith, Philip Lowe and Charles Tilley for a fantastic panel discussion. Last, but not least, I would like to thank the School of Management for hosting the event, the Journal of Empirical Finance for hosting this special issue and the Research Committee and anonymous Referees for their support in selecting papers for the Conference and this Special Issues.