Jumping performance of froghopper insects

Burrows, Malcolm

doi:10.1242/jeb.02539

Cited by 134 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The kinematic parameters in jumping insects, e.g. fleas, grasshoppers, froghoppers, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shore bugs, stick insects and snow fleas, vary in a broad range (values are given from minimum to maximum): take-off time 0.7-14.9 ms, velocity 0.5-5.5 m s −1 , acceleration 36-7000 m s −2 , kinetic energy 0.4-11,000 µJ, g-force 4-719 (from Burrows, 2006aBurrows, ,b, 2007aBurrows, , 2008Burrows, , 2009aBurrows, ,b, 2011Burrows and Morris, 2003;Burrows and Picker, 2010;Sutton and Burrows, 2011). As follows from Table 1, the kinematic parameters of flea beetles are comparable with those of other jumping insects.…”

Section: Functional Morphological Analysis Of the Jumping Mechanism Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…specialized sclerites or various projections of the cuticle on the limbs or body) preventing the springs from premature recoiling (Burrows, 2006b). The jumping apparatus is so effective that it allows the insects to perform a jump at a distance that greatly exceeds its body length (up to 289 times), is at high velocity (up to 5.5 m s −1 ) and acceleration (from 70 to about 7000 m s −2 ), has a very short time to take-off (0.8-14 ms) and has a high g-force (up to 700 in the best jumpers; Brackenbury and Wang, 1995;Burrows, 2006aBurrows, , 2007aBurrows, , 2008Burrows, , 2009aBurrows, ,b, 2011Burrows and Morris, 2003;Schmitt, 2004;Burrows and Picker, 2010;Sutton and Burrows, 2011). This mechanism is a characteristic of insect orders as diverse as grasshoppers and locusts (Orthoptera) (Bennet-Clark, 1975;Burrows, 1995;Heitler, 1974; see 'How Grasshoppers Jump' by W. J. Heitler, http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~wjh/jumping/index.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Jumping mechanisms and performance in beetles. I. Flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini)

Nadein

Betz

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The present study analyses the anatomy, mechanics and functional morphology of the jumping apparatus, the performance and the kinematics of the natural jump of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini). The kinematic parameters of the initial phase of the jump were calculated for five species from five genera (average values from minimum to maximum): acceleration 0.91-2.25 (×10 ) of the femoro-tibial joint during the jumping movement and the fast full extension of the hind tibia (1-3 ms) suggest that jumping is performed via a catapult mechanism releasing energy that has beforehand been stored in the extensor ligament during its stretching by the extensor muscles. In addition, the morphology of the femoro-tibial joint suggests that the co-contraction of the flexor and the extensor muscles in the femur of the jumping leg is involved in this process.

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Section: Functional Morphological Analysis Of the Jumping Mechanism Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jumping mechanisms and performance in beetles. I. Flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini)

Nadein

Betz

2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Besides adjusting the centre of mass (CoM) close to the vector of propulsive thrust at take-off to avoid later body rotation [7,8], some jumpers actively use dynamic control for in-air stability. Two mechanisms have previously been proposed to counteract unwanted torque in the air: using the inertia of swinging appendages [9][10][11][12] and aerodynamic forces from flapping wings [6,7]. Take-off mechanisms and stability control that evolved in nature have led to significant progress in bioinspired designs for manoeuvrable jumping robots [11,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

More than a safety line: jump-stabilizing silk of salticids

Chen¹,

Liao

Tsai

et al. 2013

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Salticids are diurnal hunters known for acute vision, remarkable predatory strategies and jumping ability. Like other jumpers, they strive for stability and smooth landings. Instead of using inertia from swinging appendages or aerodynamic forces by flapping wings as in other organisms, we show that salticids use a different mechanism for in-air stability by using dragline silk, which was previously believed to function solely as a safety line. Analyses from highspeed images of jumps by the salticid Hasarius adansoni demonstrate that despite being subject to rearward pitch at take-off, spiders with dragline silk can change body orientation in the air. Instantaneous drag and silk forces calculated from kinematic data further suggest a comparable contribution to deceleration and energy dissipation, and reveal that adjustments by the spider to the silk force can reverse its body pitch for a predictable and optimal landing. Without silk, upright-landing spiders would slip or even tumble, deferring completion of landing. Thus, for salticids, dragline silk is critical for dynamic stability and prey-capture efficiency. The dynamic functioning of dragline silk revealed in this study can advance the understanding of silk's physiological control over material properties and its significance to spider ecology and evolution, and also provide inspiration for future manoeuvrable robot designs.

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“…in these structures, allowing power to be amplified, and is then released suddenly as they unfurl and return to their original shape (Burrows, 2006;Burrows, 2007b;Burrows, 2009). To propel the body forwards, and without losing energy to spin, requires that hind legs both move at the same time.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Jumping mechanisms in flatid planthoppers (Hemiptera, Flatidae)

Burrows

2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The jumping performance of three species of hemipterans from Australia and Europe belonging to the family Flatidae was analysed from images captured at a rate of 5000 s −1. The shape of a flatid was dominated by large triangular or wedge-shaped front wings, which, when folded, covered and extended above and behind the body to give a laterally compressed and possibly streamlined appearance. The body lengths of the three species of adults ranged from 7 to 9 mm and their mass from 8 to 19 mg. The propulsive hind legs were 30% longer than the front legs but only 36-54% of the body length. Jumps with the fastest take-off velocities of 2.8-3.2 m s −1 had acceleration times of 1.4-1.8 ms. During such jumps, adults experienced an acceleration of 174-200 g. These jumps required an energy expenditure of 76-225 μJ, a power output of 13-60 mW and exerted a force of 9-37 mN. The required power output per mass of jumping muscle in adults ranged from 24,000 to 27,000 W kg −1 muscle, 100 times greater than the maximum active contractile limit of normal muscle. The free-living nymphs were also proficient jumpers, reaching take-off velocities of 2.2 m s −1. To achieve such a jumping performance requires a power amplification mechanism. The energy store for such a mechanism was identified as the internal skeleton linking a hind coxa to the articulation of a hind wing. These pleural arches fluoresced bright blue when illuminated with UV light, indicating the presence of the elastic protein resilin. The energy generated by the prolonged contractions of the trochanteral depressor muscles was stored in distortions of these structures, and the rapid elastic recoil of these muscles powered the synchronous propulsive movements of the hind legs.

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Jumping performance of froghopper insects

Abstract: performance requires an energy output of 136·m m m mJ, a power output of 155·mW and exerts a force of 66·mN.

Cited by 134 publications

References 26 publications

Jumping mechanisms and performance in beetles. I. Flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini)

Jumping mechanisms and performance in beetles. I. Flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticini)

More than a safety line: jump-stabilizing silk of salticids

Jumping mechanisms in flatid planthoppers (Hemiptera, Flatidae)

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