Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000?

Graves, Ronda R; Lupo, Amy C.; McCarthy, Robert C.; Wescott, Daniel J.; Cunningham, Deborah L.

doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.06.007

Cited by 85 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…According to them, it is likely that this individual would have only attained an adult stature of 163 cm, and not 185 cm as previously reported by . The new mean stature calculated here for the same six specimens mentioned above, but using Graves et al (2010) revised estimate for KNM-WT 15000, is 3.7 cm lower (166.1 cm) (sOM , Table 51.16).…”

Section: Comparisons With Other Homo Taxamentioning

confidence: 72%

“…The African species, H. ergaster, appears to have undergone a 'body revolution' consisting of, among other things, a significant increase in stature and the acquisition of human-like limb proportions around 1.8 Ma (millions of years ago). Recently, Graves et al (2010) have suggested a more gradual increase in stature from early hominins to modern humans, and argue that H. ergaster may not be the 'great leap forward' previously envisioned.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average height derived from these few specimens varies according to different authors and estimates, but using length estimates for the these six specimens we obtain a mean of 169.8 cm (see SOM, Table SI.16). Graves et al (2010) have recently examined alternative life history trajectories in this species to re-evaluate adult stature estimates for KNM-WT 15000. According to them, it is likely that this individual would have only attained an adult stature of 163 cm, and not 185 cm as previously reported by .…”

Section: Comparisons With Other Homo Taxamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)

Carretero

Rodríguez

García‐González

et al. 2012

Journal of Human Evolution

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Section: Comparisons With Other Homo Taxamentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparisons With Other Homo Taxamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)

Carretero

Rodríguez

García‐González

et al. 2012

Journal of Human Evolution

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“…Fossil evidence suggests the age of puberty on the human lineage may have only recently increased, for example, and was lower in Homo erectus and Neanderthals (41,42). Similar changes are likely to have occurred on the chimpanzee lineage as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in the molecular clock of primates

Moorjani

Amorim

Arndt

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

220

187

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Events in primate evolution are often dated by assuming a constant rate of substitution per unit time, but the validity of this assumption remains unclear. Among mammals, it is well known that there exists substantial variation in yearly substitution rates. Such variation is to be expected from differences in life history traits, suggesting it should also be found among primates. Motivated by these considerations, we analyze whole genomes from 10 primate species, including Old World Monkeys (OWMs), New World Monkeys (NWMs), and apes, focusing on putatively neutral autosomal sites and controlling for possible effects of biased gene conversion and methylation at CpG sites. We find that substitution rates are up to 64% higher in lineages leading from the hominoid-NWM ancestor to NWMs than to apes. Within apes, rates are ∼2% higher in chimpanzees and ∼7% higher in the gorilla than in humans. Substitution types subject to biased gene conversion show no more variation among species than those not subject to it. Not all mutation types behave similarly, however; in particular, transitions at CpG sites exhibit a more clocklike behavior than do other types, presumably because of their nonreplicative origin. Thus, not only the total rate, but also the mutational spectrum, varies among primates. This finding suggests that events in primate evolution are most reliably dated using CpG transitions. Taking this approach, we estimate the human and chimpanzee divergence time is 12.1 million years, and the human and gorilla divergence time is 15.1 million years. molecular clock | mutation rate | primate evolution | CpG transition rate | human-ape divergence time G ermline mutations are the ultimate source of genetic differences among individuals and species. They are thought to arise from a combination of errors in DNA replication (e.g., the chance misincorporation of a base pair) or damage that is unrepaired by the time of replication (e.g., the spontaneous deamination of methylated CpG sites) (1). If mutations are neutral (i.e., do not affect fitness), then the rate at which they arise will be equal to the substitution rate (2). A key consequence is that if mutation rates remain constant over time, substitution rates should likewise be constant.This assumption of constancy of substitution rates plays a fundamental role in evolutionary genetics by providing a molecular clock with which to date events inferred from genetic data (3). Notably, important events in human evolution for which there is no fossil record (e.g., when humans and chimpanzees split, or when anatomically modern humans left Africa) are dated using a mutation rate obtained from contemporary pedigrees or phylogenetic analysis, assuming the per year rate has remained unchanged for millions of years (4).However, we know from studies of mammalian phylogenies, as well as of other taxa, that there can be substantial variation in substitution rates per unit time (5-7). In particular, there is the well-known hypothesis of a "generation time effect" on substitution rates,...

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“…Another prerequisite for the progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the presence of an adolescent growth spurt (Lowe et al, 2000;Cheung et al, 2008), but it is disputed whether Homo erectus already evolved this distinctive human growth pattern (Smith, 1993;Tardieu, 1998;Smith, 2004;Zihlman et al, 2004;Graves et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting scoliosis in the KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus skeleton

Schiess¹,

Boeni²,

Rühli³

et al. 2014

Journal of Human Evolution

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Owing to its completeness, the 1.5 million year old Nariokotome boy skeleton KNM-WT 15000 is central for understanding skeletal biology of Homo erectus. Nevertheless, since Latimer and Ohman (2001, Axial dysplasia in Homo erectus. J Hum Evol 40:A12) reported on asymmetries and distortions of Nariokotome boy's axial skeleton suggesting adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, possibly associated with congenital skeletal dysplasia, it is questionable whether it still can be used as reference for Homo erectus. Recently, however, the presence of skeletal dysplasia has been refuted. Here, we present a morphologic and morphometric reanalysis of the assertion of idiopathic scoliosis. We demonstrate that unarticulated vertebral columns of non-scoliotic and scoliotic individuals can be distinguished based on the lateral deviation of the spinous process, lateral and sagittal wedging, vertebral body torsion, pedicle thickness asymmetry and asymmetry of the superior and inferior articular facet area. A principal component analysis of the overall asymmetry of all seven vertebral shape variables groups KNM-WT 15000 within non-scoliotic modern humans. An anomaly of vertebrae T1-T2 is compatible with a short left convex curve at the uppermost thoracic region, possibly due to injury or local growth dysbalance. Asymmetries of the facet joints L3-L5 suggest a local right convex curve in the lower lumbar region that probably resulted from juvenile traumatic disc herniation. This pattern is incompatible with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis or other types of scoliosis, including congenital, neuromuscular or syndromic scoliosis. It is, however, consistent with a recent reanalysis of the rib cage that did not reveal any asymmetry. Except for these possibly trauma-related anomalies, the Nariokotome boy fossil therefore seems to belong to a normal Homo erectus youth without evidence for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis or other severe pathologies of the axial skeleton. AbstractOwing to its completeness, the 1.5 million year old Nariokotome boy skeleton KNM-WT 15000 is central for understanding skeletal biology of Homo erectus. Nevertheless, since Latimer and Ohman (2001, Axial dysplasia in Homo erectus. J Hum Evol 40:A12) reported on asymmetries and distortions of Nariokotome boy's axial skeleton suggesting adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, possibly associated with congenital skeletal dysplasia, it is questionable whether it still can be used as reference for Homo erectus. Recently, however, the presence of skeletal dysplasia has been refuted. Here, we present a morphologic and morphometric reanalysis of the assertion of idiopathic scoliosis. We demonstrate that unarticulated vertebral columns of non-scoliotic and scoliotic individuals can be distinguished based on the lateral deviation of the spinous process, lateral and sagittal wedging, vertebral body torsion, pedicle thickness asymmetry and asymmetry of the superior and inferior articular facet area. A principal component analysis of the overall asymmetry of all seven vertebral shap...

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Just how strapping was KNM-WT 15000?

Cited by 85 publications

References 66 publications

Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)

Stature estimation from complete long bones in the Middle Pleistocene humans from the Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca (Spain)

Variation in the molecular clock of primates

Revisiting scoliosis in the KNM-WT 15000 Homo erectus skeleton

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