“…What implications would a reconsideration of these questions have for the Westphalian order? (Christoyannopoulos, 2022;Dexter, 2012Dexter, , 2019Fiala, 2012Fiala, , 2013Finlay, 2019;Ford, 2020;Head, 2016;Jackson, 2017bJackson, , a, 2018aJackson, , b, c, 2023Jackson et al, 2020;Jespersen, 2020;Moses, 2018Moses, , 2020Persaud, 2022;Reader, 2007;Ryan, 2013Ryan, , 2015Ryan, , 2023 Twelve, there is scope to develop more precise conceptualisations of violence and nonviolence, reflecting on the exact nature of violence (e.g., and Nonviolence 1 (2023) 1-27 institutional violence, property damage, racism, gendered constructs) and on the point at which direct action becomes violent. Are these types of violence equally serious and damaging, and should they all be described as 'violence'?…”