Juxtaposition of intensive agriculture, vulnerable aquifers, and mixed chemical/microbial exposures in private-well tapwater in northeast Iowa

Exposures and potential health implications of contaminant mixtures in linked source water, finished drinking water, and tapwater from public-supply drinking water systems in Minneapolis/St. Paul area, USA

“…49,125,126 ∑EAR is often used as a precautionary screening tool but because it has no coverage of inorganic contaminants, the ∑TQ approach is also utilized as well. 18,127 The ∑TQ approach assesses the effects of both organic and inorganic contaminant exposures, is targeted at apical human-health endpoints but is limited by existing health benchmarks. 18 Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages but together they provide a reasonable assessment of the potential human-health effects to mixed contaminant exposures assuming cumulative effects are reasonably approximated by concentration addition.…”

“…18 Both approaches have their advantages and disadvantages but together they provide a reasonable assessment of the potential human-health effects to mixed contaminant exposures assuming cumulative effects are reasonably approximated by concentration addition. 127,128…”

Investigation of Sources of Fluorinated Compounds in Private Water Supplies in an Oil and Gas-Producing Region of Northern West Virginia

“…While numerous studies have examined PFAS occurrence in public water systems, ,,− research on PFAS in private water supplies is just beginning. ,,,− Within rural communities of the northern Appalachian Basin (USA), more than one-fourth of households rely on private wells for drinking water and other domestic purposes . These wells, like most private wells, are infrequently tested, , but they may be at a particular risk from PFAS contamination owing to this region’s legacy of PFAS-generating industrial activities coupled with the recent acceleration in UOG development .…”