KamLAND: geo-neutrino measurement in Japan

Abstract

ABSTRACT

An Expanding Earth - A reply to two recent denial papers

“…Starting from the conformities of the Pacific, a chain of logical reasoning suggests that some fundamental observations should fall outside the expectations of global geophysics for the terrestrial interior. A glimpse of this comes from the very refined experiments in progress both in Italy, Borexino at the Gran Sasso, and in Japan, KamLAND on the island of Honshu, set up to measure the radiogenic heat of the Earth (results published in the INGV journal Annals of Geophysics: Borexino collaboration, 2017;Shimizu, 2017). As predicted in the materiogenesis version of terrestrial expansion, there are some problems.…”

The Accelerator Neutrino-Neutron Interaction Experiment

“…If a detector is deployed near nuclear reactors, the IBD signal from reactor antineutrinos produce an irreducible background that overlays much of the geoneutrino spectrum. For reference, KamLAND had to operate for almost 10 years to observe an appreciable geoneutrino flux, while the Borexino detector had to collect over 2000 days of data to measure the geoneutrino signal with a 5.9σ discovery significance (see figure 1.10) [31,32]. Reactor antineutrinos contribute a considerable background in both detectors, and (α, n) reactions on 13 C due to α-emitting backgrounds produce additional background in KamLAND.…”

“…Reactor antineutrinos contribute a considerable background in both detectors, and (α, n) reactions on 13 C due to α-emitting backgrounds produce additional background in KamLAND. Figure from [31,32] and ∆m 2 13 , are used to characterize the electron survival probability P ee [38,39].…”

Kardashev’s classification at 50+: A fine vehicle with room for improvement

“…Our personal beliefs about the existence of SETI targets and the likelihood of success in the entire endeavor are unimportant; it is the taxonomy that matters. Since hypothetical targets of any particular SETI programme are likely to be wildly non-uniform -due to contingency of biological evolution, if nothing else (Gould 1989, Conway Morris 2003, 2011 -it is only reasonable that such taxonomic scheme is rather coarse-grained. In addition, it should take into account the realistic discrete distribution of matter -in essence, the fact that the distribution of matter (both baryonic and nonbaryonic) in the universe is distinctly clumpy and that the emergent complex configurations of matter including living and intelligent and technological systems need to follow that same clumpiness.…”

“…(1), the humanity in 2012 was of Kardashev's type 0.72. Human energy resources are about 1.77 × 10 13 W, roughly equal to the geothermal energy production in Earth's interior (Shimizu et al 2011) and are still much smaller than the total energy reserves available on our planet, especially if nuclear energy of both fission and fusion is taken into account. It is still much smaller than the total Solar irradiance integrated over Earth's geometric crosssection at the upper atmosphere (about 1.74 × 10 17 W).…”