“…Beyond their role in supplying energy, carbohydrates can regulate a wide range of mechanisms, including photosynthesis, sugar transport, defence reactions, secondary metabolism, hormonal balance and berry development (Lecourieux et al, 2014), as reported in this study (Figure 2). Since summer stress was more prominent in 2017, and particularly in the Douro region, high leaf SS accumulation may promote carbohydrate storage and growth, maintaining cell homeostasis in kaolin treated leaves, as recently observed in some Mediterranean field crops (Brito et al, 2018;Dinis et al, 2018b). However, under non-limiting summer stress conditions, such as those recorded during the 2018 growing season, kaolin application decreased foliar carbohydrate accumulation at ripening, which was previously shown to be linked to increasing photosynthetic rates, and reserve mobilisation and export (Sami et al, 2016;Brito et al, 2019b).…”