Kaposi's sarcoma, human herpesvirus 8 infection and the potential role of promoter-arthropod bites in northern Sweden

Ascoli, Valeria; Facchinelli, Luca; Valerio, Laura; Manno, Daniela; Cóluzzi, M.

doi:10.1002/jmv.20718

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Ecological studies in the Mediterranean area found that eradication of mosquitoes and other blood sucking arthropods was associated with declines both in the prevalence of KSHV and in the incidence of KS [9-14,18,23]. The 'promoter arthropod hypothesis' suggests that insect blood feeding increases KSHV transmission through viral reactivation and KS through inflammatory mechanisms associated with the bite [11,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasite infection is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Ugandan women

Wakeham

Webb

Sebina

et al. 2011

Infect Agents Cancer

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BackgroundImmune modulation by parasites may influence susceptibility to bacteria and viruses. We examined the association between current parasite infections, HIV and syphilis (measured in blood or stool samples using standard methods) and antibodies against Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), measured by ELISA, in 1915 stored plasma samples from pregnant women in Entebbe, Uganda.ResultsSeroprevalence of KSHV was higher in women with malaria parasitaemia (73% vs 60% p = 0.01), hookworm (67% vs 56% p = 0.001) and Mansonella perstans (69% vs 59% p = 0.05); seroprevalence increased with increasing intensity of hookworm infection (p < 0.001[trend]). No associations were found for HIV, five other parasites or active syphilis. These effects were not explained by socioeconomic status or education.ConclusionsSpecific parasite infections are associated with presence of antibodies against KSHV, perhaps mediated via their effect on immune function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasite infection is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Ugandan women

Wakeham

Webb

Sebina

et al. 2011

Infect Agents Cancer

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“…One hypothesis suggests that biting insects may play an indirect role in transmission of KSHV by exposure to infected saliva as a way of soothing painful bites [35]. A recent study reported a correlation between density of biting insects and classic Kaposi's sarcoma risk in Northern Sweden and suggested that biting insects might similarly be important in other Nordic regions such as Iceland and the Faroe Islands with elevated risk of classic Kaposi's sarcoma [36]. Source of drinking water has been shown to be a risk factor for KSHV infection in Uganda [3] and it has been postulated that this may be due to exposure to intestinal parasites and resulting immunosuppression.…”

Section: Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus Transmission Via Blomentioning

confidence: 98%

Kaposiʼs sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transmission and primary infection

Bagni

Whitby

2009

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

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Recent reports have provided much additional insight into KSHV transmission in different populations, but have also provided a number of important questions for the research and public health communities. Most critically, the role of HIV in increasing risk for KSHV infection and the possible effects on KSHV prevalence, and consequently the incidence of Kaposi's sarcoma warrants urgent further study.

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“…During the blood meal, an arthropod inoculates antihaemostatic and immunogenic molecules which evoke an immune response at the bite site with release of Th2 cytokines (20). As HHV-8 is avid in these cytokines, viral transmission could be facilitated by a strong inflammatory reaction (9,21,22). Furthermore, several works underlined a significant correlation between the geographical distribution of bloodsucking arthropods and incidence rates of KS (21,22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results indicated that the majority of positive children (11/15) were aged between 7 and 13 © C I C E d i z i o n i I n t e r n a z i o n a l i matory reaction and environmental factors indicates that domestic/courtyard animals and water sources could increase the presence of bloodsucking arthropods promoter of HHV-8 infection. In particular, water reservoirs represent micro-environment favourable to life and reproduction of several bloodsucking arthropods which at least for one phase of their lifecycle depend on water (Coquillettidia, Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Culicoides and Leptoconops) (19,21,22). Moreover, the presence of domestic/courtyard animals is directly related to skin pain, indicating that this environmental factor could increase the presence of zoophilic bloodsucking arthropods (Phlebotomus and Simulium) (19).…”

confidence: 99%

“…As HHV-8 is avid in these cytokines, viral transmission could be facilitated by a strong inflammatory reaction (9,21,22). Furthermore, several works underlined a significant correlation between the geographical distribution of bloodsucking arthropods and incidence rates of KS (21,22). According to that, the arthropod, through its biting, increases HHV-8 transmission risk, acquiring the role of "promoter of the infection" (19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) salivary shedding in mothers and children from Uganda: risk factors and clues about transmission

Romano¹

2014

PER

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Background: in Africa, the increase of Kaposi Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) seroprevalence during childhood suggests an horizontal intrafamilial transmission. However, the exact transmission modes are yet unknown, but there is evidence that the virus is intermittently spread through the saliva of seropositive subjects. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the geographical distribution of bloodsucking arthropods and incidence rates of Kaposi Sarcoma. In this view, key roles can be played by: i) the inflammatory reaction due to the arthropod bites which create a micro-environment favourable to viral replication, and ii) the use of saliva as firstaid medication in several circumstances. According to that, the viral transmission could occur through the application of mothers' saliva on children's skin to relieve itching and scratching after a bloodsucking arthropod bite. This work investigated the risk factors involved in HHV-8 transmission based on the "promoter arthropod hypothesis". Methods: one hundred and thirty questionnaires were administered to Ugandan children (54 from settled and 76 from nomad communities) to evaluate the skin inflammatory reaction to the arthropod bites and the frequency of behavioural practices associated with saliva usage. At the same time saliva samples were collected from the children and respective mothers to detect the presence of HHV-8 DNA by Real-Time PCR. Results: we detected HHV-8 DNA in 23.85% of mothers and in 11.54% of children. The use of saliva is significantly more common in settled than in the nomad communities (p<0.001). The statistical analysis showed significant association between: i) skin inflammatory reaction and use of saliva in both groups; ii) environmental factors which increase the presence of bloodsucking arthropods and skin inflammatory reaction. Discussion: from our data we suppose that HHV-8 transmission could occur through non-sexual routes and that the infected saliva applied at child bite site could represent a favourable condition for the acquiring of the infection.

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Kaposi's sarcoma, human herpesvirus 8 infection and the potential role of promoter-arthropod bites in northern Sweden

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Parasite infection is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Ugandan women

Parasite infection is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in Ugandan women

Kaposiʼs sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transmission and primary infection

Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) salivary shedding in mothers and children from Uganda: risk factors and clues about transmission

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