“…Previous studies have shown that stress or glucocorticoids block or facilitate memory and affect LTP and long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus (Shors et al, 1989;McEwen, 1994;Diamond et al, 1996;Kim et al, 1996;Xu et al, 1997Xu et al, , 1998ade Quervain et al, 1998;Conrad et al, 1999;Mizoguchi et al, 2000). Similarly, opiates affect cognitive function (Beatty, 1983;Classen and Mondadori, 1984;Guerra et al, 1987;Li et al, 2001) facilitate (Mansouri et al, 1999) or inhibit (Terman et al, 1994;Pu et al, 2002) LTP, and facilitate LTD (Wagner et al, 2001) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, stress modifies morphine responses in behavior (Olley et al, 1990;Deroche et al, 1992), and morphine influences the effect of stress on synaptic plasticity and behavior (Fratta et al, 1977;Shors et al, 1990;Scheggi et al, 2000).…”