Karl Otto Landsteiner (1868–1943). Physician–biochemist–immunologist

Goldman, Armond S.; Schmalstieg, Frank C.

doi:10.1177/0967772016670558

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Their work was honored by the Nobel Prize in 1972 (35). The Austrian Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943), first working in Europe and since 1923 in the US, developed the carrier hapten concept by coupling small aromatic molecules to proteins (36). He showed that the small residue—the hapten—is recognized by antibodies, and therefore serves as epitope, and that the protein serves as carrier to provide the immunogenicity needed for successful stimulation of an antibody response (37, 38).…”

Section: Act Ii: Immunochemistry and Clinical Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunology's Coming of Age

Kaufmann

2019

Front. Immunol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This treatise describes the development of immunology as a scientific discipline with a focus on its foundation. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the study of immunology was founded with the discoveries of phagocytosis by Elias Metchnikoff, as well as by Emil Behring's and Paul Ehrlich's discovery of neutralizing antibodies. These seminal studies were followed by the discoveries of bacteriolysis by complement and of opsonization by antibodies, which provided first evidence for cooperation between acquired and innate immunity. In the years that followed, light was shed on the pathogenic corollary of the immune response, describing different types of hypersensitivity. Subsequently, immunochemistry dominated the field, leading to the revelation of the chemical structure of antibodies in the 1960s. Immunobiology was preceded by transplantation biology, which laid the ground for the genetic basis of acquired immunity. With the identification of antibody producers as B lymphocytes and the discovery of T lymphocytes as regulators of acquired immunity, lymphocytes moved into the center of immunologic research. T cells were shown to be genetically restricted and to regulate different leukocyte populations, including B cells and professional phagocytes. The discovery of dendritic cells as major antigen-presenting cells and their surface expression of pattern recognition receptors revealed the mechanisms by which innate immunity instructs acquired immunity. Genetic analysis provided in-depth insights into the generation of antibody diversity by recombination, which in principle was shown to underlie diversity of the T cell receptor, as well. The invention of monoclonal antibodies not only provided ultimate proof for the unique antigen specificity of the antibody-producing plasma cell, it also paved the way for a new era of immunotherapy. Emil Behring demonstrated cure of infectious disease by serum therapy, illustrating how clinical studies can stimulate basic research. The recent discovery of checkpoint control for cancer therapy illustrates how clinical application benefits from insights into basic mechanisms. Last not least, perspectives on immunology progressed from a dichotomy between cellular-unspecific innate immunity and humoral-specific acquired immunity, toward the concept of complementary binarity.

show abstract

Section: Act Ii: Immunochemistry and Clinical Immunologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunology's Coming of Age

Kaufmann

2019

Front. Immunol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Hence, further discussion about peptides in drug immunogenicity must be conducted through the recognition of B-cell epitopes. In fact, antibody production is turned out after B-cell activation, which terminally differentiates into plasma cells that produce antibody molecules closely modeled after the receptors of the precursor B-cell [39]. B-cell activation takes place during the antigen presentation, in which a direct binding of the BCR to specific foreign antigens triggers the immune response.…”

Section: Peptide Recognition In B-cell Mediated Immunogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic proteins immunogenicity: a peptide point of view

Real-Fernandez,

Errante,

Di Santo

et al. 2023

Explor Drug Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Protein therapeutics are extensively used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, but a subset of patients appears to be refractory to these treatments, mainly due to the development of an immune response to the drug. A better understanding of the mechanism underlying the therapeutic drug’s failure becomes fundamental for the development of new and more effective treatments. Unfortunately, there are few cases where the exact mechanisms through which drugs bypass immunological tolerance and provoke immunogenicity have been studied. In this context, peptide epitope identification gained increasing importance in investigating the molecular mechanism of therapeutic drug’s immune responses. Despite peptide identification and use to monitor anti-drug antibody (ADA) profiles is a promising research field, their use is far away from a wide application both at the research and at the commercial level. Herein it is reported a compilation of studies in which peptides are directly involved in anti-drug immune responses, becoming the molecular key step for a better understanding of refractory reactions in therapeutic drugs. An overview on T-cell and B-cell peptide recognition is given, showing the growing potential and advantages of peptides when used in the field of refractoriness to drugs. This review includes studies describing antigenic peptides that enable enhanced ADA detection directly in patients’ sera, as well as the proof of concept that asses the use of peptides instead of proteins, to facilitate the identification of neutralizing ADA.

show abstract

“…This pathological immune response has substantial social impact, accounting for 20% of all work‐related health problems, and can result in high morbidity with detrimental consequences on the life of the affected individuals . Small contact sensitizer molecules have long been known as “haptens” . They are potentially antigenic, although too small (<1000 D) to be immunogenic on their own, and rather need to complex with self‐proteins in order to generate neo‐antigens that trigger‐specific cellular and humoral immune responses .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%