Karyotype as code of codes: An inheritance platform to shape the pattern and scale of evolution

Heng, Julie; Heng, Henry H.

doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105016

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…In fact, the link between the genetic code and gene-driven macroevolution presents several limitations and the informational relationship between small microevolutionary novelties at the sequence level and large macroevolutionary changes still requires more exhaustive explanations (see, e.g., [ 103 ]). The “karyotype coding” hypothesis (see [ 102 , 104 , 105 ]) proposes that the whole genome structural organization (e.g., morphological and topological structure including gene order) represents a higher code, whose changes are able to drive macroevolutionary dynamics. In the context of the karyotype coding hypothesis, the circular karyotype evolution represents a potential mechanism for a continuous reshuffling of the code.…”

Section: Evolutionary Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Karyotype Diversification and Chromosome Rearrangements in Squamate Reptiles

Mezzasalma,

Macirella,

Odierna

et al. 2024

Genes

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Karyotype diversification represents an important, yet poorly understood, driver of evolution. Squamate reptiles are characterized by a high taxonomic diversity which is reflected at the karyotype level in terms of general structure, chromosome number and morphology, and insurgence of differentiated simple or multiple-sex-chromosome systems with either male or female heterogamety. The potential of squamate reptiles as unique model organisms in evolutionary cytogenetics has been recognised in recent years in several studies, which have provided novel insights into the chromosome evolutionary dynamics of different taxonomic groups. Here, we review and summarize the resulting complex, but promising, general picture from a systematic perspective, mapping some of the main squamate karyological characteristics onto their phylogenetic relationships. We highlight how all the major categories of balanced chromosome rearrangements contributed to the karyotype evolution in different taxonomic groups. We show that distinct karyotype evolutionary trends may occur, and coexist, with different frequencies in different clades. Finally, in light of the known squamate chromosome diversity and recent research advances, we discuss traditional and novel hypotheses on karyotype evolution and propose a scenario of circular karyotype evolution.

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Section: Evolutionary Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Karyotype Diversification and Chromosome Rearrangements in Squamate Reptiles

Mezzasalma,

Macirella,

Odierna

et al. 2024

Genes

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show abstract

“…Mis-repair of DSBs in proliferation-proficient somatic cells generates genetic novelty, which as genome-rearranging macromutations may lead to evolutionarily new karyotypes [21] and form a (more or less strict) sexual barrier. Whether the new karyotypic information, the 'karyotype code', with an altered sequence order [22,23] results directly in a new species, which then gradually accumulates genic micromutations and epigenetic alterations, i.e., morphological and/or physiological peculiarities, depends on the degree of hybrid incompatibility (under sympatric conditions), and/or on the duration of the geographic isolation of the new variant. In general, hybrid incompatibility should increase with the size and number of genome rearrangements.…”

Section: Meiosis Is Another Bottleneck For Cells With Rearranged Kary...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, numerous large-scale comparative sequencing experiments in both plants and animals have revealed that karyotype reorganization is a universal mechanism for biodiversification (e.g., [29][30][31]). Now, with the new concepts of karyotype coding and the two-phased evolution, the time is ripe to establish the genome and information-based evolutionary framework [22,23].…”

Section: Meiosis Is Another Bottleneck For Cells With Rearranged Kary...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Macromutations Yielding Karyotype Alterations (and the Process(es) behind Them) Are the Favored Route of Carcinogenesis and Speciation

Schubert

2024

Cancers

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It is argued that carcinogenesis and speciation are evolutionary events which are based on changes in the ‘karyotypic code’ through a phase of ‘genome instability’, followed by a bottleneck of selection for the viability and adaptability of the initial cells. Genomic (i.e., chromosomal) instability is caused by (massive) DNA breakage and the subsequent mis-repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) resulting in various chromosome rearrangements. Potential tumor cells are selected for rapid somatic proliferation. Cells eventually yielding a novel species need not only to be viable and proliferation proficient, but also to have a balanced genome which, after passing meiosis as another bottleneck and fusing with an identical gamete, can result in a well-adapted organism. Such new organisms should be genetically or geographically isolated from the ancestral population and possess or develop an at least partial sexual barrier.

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The New Era of Cancer Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics

Ye,

Heng

2024

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Karyotype as code of codes: An inheritance platform to shape the pattern and scale of evolution

Cited by 9 publications

References 89 publications

Karyotype Diversification and Chromosome Rearrangements in Squamate Reptiles

Karyotype Diversification and Chromosome Rearrangements in Squamate Reptiles

Macromutations Yielding Karyotype Alterations (and the Process(es) behind Them) Are the Favored Route of Carcinogenesis and Speciation

The New Era of Cancer Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics

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