KDNP – A Lead Free Replacement for Lead Styphnate

Fronabarger, John W.; Williams, M. D.; Sanborn, William B.; Parrish, Damon A.; Bichay, Magdy

doi:10.1002/prep.201100055

Cited by 43 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Though originally synthesized over 30 years ago, KDNP has drawn renewed interest as a lead styphnate replacement, due to its comparable explosive performance in military-relevant primers and its thermal stability, as provided in Table 2 [22,26]. Note the structural similarities that exist between KDNBF and KDNP; though KDNP possess a single hydrogen atom less than KDNBF, the absence of this hydrogen allows for the restoration of aromaticity in the benzofuroxan ring system.…”

Section: Scheme 7 Synthesis Of Kdnp (25)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances in the Synthesis of High Explosive Materials

Sabatini

Oyler²

2015

Crystals

120

113

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Abstract:This review discusses the recent advances in the syntheses of high explosive energetic materials. Syntheses of some relevant modern primary explosives and secondary high explosives, and the sensitivities and properties of these molecules are provided. In addition to the synthesis of such materials, processing improvement and formulating aspects using these ingredients, where applicable, are discussed in detail.

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Section: Scheme 7 Synthesis Of Kdnp (25)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scheme 7 details the synthesis of KDNP (25) [26]. Mixed acid nitration of 3-bromoanisole delivered trinitro derivative 23.…”

Section: Potassium 46-dinitro-7-hydroxybenzofuroxan (Kdnp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of High Explosive Materials

Sabatini

Oyler²

2015

Crystals

120

113

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“…It has been determined that MTX-1 is compatible with DBX-1 [34], RD-1333, KDNP [35], KDNBF, basic lead styphnate, calcium silicide, barium nitrate, antimony sulfide and PETN. It appears from the data that, as is the case with tetrazene (which forms hypersensitive silver azidotetrazole [36]), MTX-1 is not compatible with silver azide.…”

Section: Compatibility Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

MTX-1 – A Potential Replacement for Tetrazene in Primers

Fronabarger¹,

Williams²,

Stern³

et al. 2016

Cent. Eur. J. Energ. Mater.

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Tetrazene (1-amino-1(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)-azo-guanidine hydrate) is widely used in ordnance systems as a sensitizer of primer mixes for use in both percussion and stab applications. It has low thermal and hydrolytic stability compared with other components of primer mixes and there currently exists the need for a replacement with enhanced stability characteristics. MTX-1 (1-[(2E)-3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)triaz-2-en-1-ylidene]methanediamine) meets these criteria and shows great promise as a tetrazene replacement. Preliminary testing of this material has confirmed that MTX-1 has safety and performance properties which are similar to tetrazene and has chemical characteristics, including thermal and hydrolytic stability, which exceed those of tetrazene. MTX-1 has been successfully evaluated against tetrazene in a variety of chemical/output tests, including comparative testing in the PVU-12 primer.

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“…In addition, the KDNP has been qualified by the Department of the Navy as suitable candidate for use as a primary explosive in weapons development while DBX-1 is under evaluation by the department of Navy. 8,9 However, high and low concentration of Copper (using DBX-1) is harmful to living organisms and ecological systems. 5 Hence optimal copper should be maintained in the DBX-1 explosive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural stability, vibrational, and bonding properties of potassium 1, 1′-dinitroamino-5, 5′-bistetrazolate: An emerging green primary explosive

Yedukondalu

Vaitheeswaran

2015

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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Potassium 1,1′-dinitroamino-5,5′-bistetrazolate (K2DNABT) is a nitrogen rich (50.3% by weight, K2C2N12O4) green primary explosive with high performance characteristics, namely, velocity of detonation (D = 8.33 km/s), detonation pressure (P = 31.7 GPa), and fast initiating power to replace existing toxic primaries. In the present work, we report density functional theory (DFT) calculations on structural, equation of state, vibrational spectra, electronic structure, and absorption spectra of K2DNABT. We have discussed the influence of weak dispersive interactions on structural and vibrational properties through the DFT-D2 method. We find anisotropic compressibility behavior (b<a<c) from pressure dependent structural properties. The predicted equilibrium bulk modulus reveals that K2DNABT is softer than toxic lead azide and harder than the most sensitive cyanuric triazide. A complete assignment of all the vibrational modes has been made and compared with the available experimental results. The calculated zone center IR and Raman frequencies show a blue-shift which leads to a hardening of the lattice upon compression. In addition, we have also calculated the electronic structure and absorption spectra using recently developed Tran Blaha-modified Becke Johnson potential. It is found that K2DNABT is a direct band gap insulator with a band gap of 3.87 eV and the top of the valence band is mainly dominated by 2p-states of oxygen and nitrogen atoms. K2DNABT exhibits mixed ionic (between potassium and tetrazolate ions) and covalent character within tetrazolate molecule. The presence of ionic bonding suggests that the investigated compound is relatively stable and insensitive than covalent primaries. From the calculated absorption spectra, the material is found to decompose under ultra-violet light irradiation.

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KDNP – A Lead Free Replacement for Lead Styphnate

Cited by 43 publications

References 6 publications

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of High Explosive Materials

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of High Explosive Materials

MTX-1 – A Potential Replacement for Tetrazene in Primers

Structural stability, vibrational, and bonding properties of potassium 1, 1′-dinitroamino-5, 5′-bistetrazolate: An emerging green primary explosive

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