Kekerasan Kolektif dan Dialog Kebudayaan: Belajar Dari Pengalaman Kekerasan Menjelang Reformasi di Indonesia

Abstract

This article unravels the causes, the patterns and the solutions of collective violence in Indonesia. The study uses data rooted from the historical experience of collective violence that occurred from 1995 to 1997, prior to the 1998's Indonesian Reform. The experience of violence in Indonesia that occurred in quick succession before the reform era became a historical document on the causes and patterns of violence, so it could be discussed to find a solution to the violence in Indonesia in the future. The analysis showed that there is violence's potential rooted in culture. In anthropological view, the concept of "culture of peace" becomes part of a study of local wisdom. It is safe to say that the concept the culture bears the system of symbolic or ethos of violence, at the same time it also holds the ethos of culture of peace. The causes of violence in Indonesia could be analyzed from the cultural mechanisms that legitimize violence. Thus, the solution of the violence could also be searched by studying mechanism that legitimizes the culture of peace.Kata kunci: Kekerasan, Budaya, Pola dan Solusi A. Pendahuluan Negara dengan karakter multietnik, budaya, dan agama seperti Indonesia tentu memberi implikasi pada kemungkinan besar adanya konflik antar kelompok masyarakat. Karakter yang multietnis dan problem dampak globalisasi semakin memicu menguatnya sentimen antar etnis dan budaya, terutama kaum minoritas yang yang rentan menjadi korban peminggiran (vulnerability).1 Jika konflik bersifat tersembunyi dan cenderung konstruktif untuk kemajuan, tentu hal itu tidak menjadi persoalan yang serius untuk diatasi. Namun jika konflik itu terbuka dan bersifat 1 Lihat Peadar Kirby, Vulnerability and Violence (London : Pluto Press, 2006), hlm 1-27. Kekerasan seringkali menjadi jalan bagi kelompok tertentu yang merasa terpinggirkan dan menjadi kelompok yang rentan terhadap kemiskinan dan keterbelakangan, sebagai akibat pengaruh globalisasi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa globalisasi dan dampaknya lekat dengan kekerasan.

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