“…Kenaf seeds are the primary by-product of the kenaf plant as they are usually disposed of after harvesting [125] and only 2% of the total 1000 kg/hectare seed yields are required for a hectare of kenaf plantation [132]. Kenaf seeds contain essential nutrients, e.g., fiber, oil, proteins, and antioxidants, and might play important roles in value-added plant-based food products [133]. In particular, kenaf seed contained 24.93% crude protein, 18.94% fat, 13.45% fiber, 5.01% moisture, 4.50% ash, 33.10% carbohydrate, 1.30% flavonoid, and 381.00 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/g total phenolic content and a considerable amount of Na, Ca, Mg, P, and Fe minerals [134].…”