Kenya's indigenous radio stations and their use of metaphors in the 2007 election violence

Abstract

The article focuses on the use of metaphors during the 2007 pre-and post-election violence in Kenya that left at least 1400 people dead and more than 350,000 internally displaced. During and after the violence, vernacular radio stations, though not entirely responsible for the violence, were highly chastised for constructing and disseminating narratives of hate, using embellished metaphors.This article acknowledges the presence of these metaphors and the ethnicized stereotypical humour they provided before the election. But it is the political tension that provided the context for the deployment of metaphors in a way that framed their meaning and potency of use. Whether these metaphors contributed to fanning ethnic passion cannot be quantitatively assessed. However, their potency was not in themselves, but in the meaning imbued in them; which was as fluid and transient as the context changed. Metaphors, therefore, became substitutes for past ethnic grievances. They served as a rallying cry and a call to arms, not because of the totality of what can be inferred from them, both positive and negative, but their signification of the aspects of difference. It is this difference, which was exploited during the election violence, not because of the metaphors but in spite of them. With the background of the political tension that suffocated the country, metaphors became materials to propagate ethnic identities and a basis for ethnic nomenclature.

Participatory culture in an emerging information ecosystem: Lessons from Ushahidi

“…This is especially true in most developing countries, where radio continues to be the main source of information (Fardon and Furniss 2000;Wachanga 2011b). …”

“…Yet, it is radio, and the technological changes that have taken place, and are taking place within it that are of crucial significance in Africa. (Fardon and Furniss 2000, 3; see also Njogu and Middleton 2009;Wachanga 2007Wachanga , 2011b NCTs and their information and communication capabilities, therefore, need to be studied in addition to the information ecosystem, rather than as a substitute for traditional media. Levy (2001, 186) sees NCTs as promoting reciprocal and 'community-based exchange, whereas the traditional make use of one-way communication in which receivers are isolated from one another', while Jenkins (2006) discusses not only the convergence of old and new media, but also the participatory culture that emerges from this process.…”