Keratin Associations with Synthetic, Biosynthetic and Natural Polymers: An Extensive Review

Donato, Ricardo K.; Mija, Alice

doi:10.3390/polym12010032

Cited by 98 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 302 publications

(347 reference statements)

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“…Besides the sample with the highest keratin loading, a decrease in both elongation at break and tensile strength with an increased keratin loading was observed without significant changes in the stress–strain slope. Many authors reported [ 50 ] higher keratin loading (larger than 10 wt %) leading to significant deterioration of tensile properties, due to worse compatibility and disintegration into the material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Degradation of Novel Fully Biodegradable PLA/PHB Blends Filled with Keratin

Mosnáčková

Šišková

Kleinová

et al. 2020

IJMS

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The utilization of keratin waste in new materials formulations can prevent its environmental disposal problem. Here, novel composites based on biodegradable blends consisting of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and filled with hydrolyzed keratin with loading from 1 to 20 wt % were prepared and their properties were investigated. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties were characterized by tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and rheology measurements. The addition of acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) significantly affected the mechanical properties of the materials. It was found that the filled PLA/PHB/ATBC composite at the highest keratin loading exhibited similar shear moduli compared to the un-plasticized blend as a result of the much stronger interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix compared to composites with lower keratin content. The differences in dynamic moduli for PLA/PHB/ATBC blend filled with keratin depended extensively on the keratin content while loss the factor values progressively decreased with keratin loading. Softening interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix resulted in lower glass transitions temperature and reduced polymer chain mobility. The addition of keratin did not affect the extent of degradation of the PLA/PHB blend during melt blending. Fast hydrolysis at 60 °C was observed for composites with all keratin loadings. The developed keratin-based composites possess properties comparable to commonly used thermoplastics applicable for example as packaging materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Degradation of Novel Fully Biodegradable PLA/PHB Blends Filled with Keratin

Mosnáčková

Šišková

Kleinová

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…Hard keratin is formed from tightly packed filaments in the cysteine-rich proteins matrix, while soft keratin is composed of loosely packed filaments [ 144 , 146 ]. Keratin is considered as one of the most abundant natural polymers [ 147 ]. It is usually extracted under low pH in the presence of reducing agents to give rise to keratein, or of oxidizing, agents giving rise to keratose [ 145 , 148 ].…”

Section: Hydrogels Used In Dentin–pulp Complex Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogels and Dentin–Pulp Complex Regeneration: From the Benchtop to Clinical Translation

et al. 2020

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Dentin–pulp complex is a term which refers to the dental pulp (DP) surrounded by dentin along its peripheries. Dentin and dental pulp are highly specialized tissues, which can be affected by various insults, primarily by dental caries. Regeneration of the dentin–pulp complex is of paramount importance to regain tooth vitality. The regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) is a relatively current approach, which aims to regenerate the dentin–pulp complex through stimulating the differentiation of resident or transplanted stem/progenitor cells. Hydrogel-based scaffolds are a unique category of three dimensional polymeric networks with high water content. They are hydrophilic, biocompatible, with tunable degradation patterns and mechanical properties, in addition to the ability to be loaded with various bioactive molecules. Furthermore, hydrogels have a considerable degree of flexibility and elasticity, mimicking the cell extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly that of the DP. The current review presents how for dentin–pulp complex regeneration, the application of injectable hydrogels combined with stem/progenitor cells could represent a promising approach. According to the source of the polymeric chain forming the hydrogel, they can be classified into natural, synthetic or hybrid hydrogels, combining natural and synthetic ones. Natural polymers are bioactive, highly biocompatible, and biodegradable by naturally occurring enzymes or via hydrolysis. On the other hand, synthetic polymers offer tunable mechanical properties, thermostability and durability as compared to natural hydrogels. Hybrid hydrogels combine the benefits of synthetic and natural polymers. Hydrogels can be biofunctionalized with cell-binding sequences as arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD), can be used for local delivery of bioactive molecules and cellularized with stem cells for dentin–pulp regeneration. Formulating a hydrogel scaffold material fulfilling the required criteria in regenerative endodontics is still an area of active research, which shows promising potential for replacing conventional endodontic treatments in the near future.

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“…Specifically, the chemical composition of these CFs presents cysteine (7.8 mol %), glycine (13.7 mol %), proline (9.8 mol %), serine (14.1 mol %), hydrophobic residues, and β-pleated sheets [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 ]. The type of keratin found in CFs (β-keratin) [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ] exhibits a pleated sheet structure, as shown in Figure 1 , consisting of β-strands connected laterally (either parallel or non-parallel) through hydrogen intermolecular bonds (see the red circle in Figure 1 ) [ 22 ]. This pleated sheet structure is stable due to two main factors: (i) The hydrogen bond between β-strands allows the generation of a sheet and (ii) the planar peptide bond induces a folded sheet [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These BPFs have been morphologically, physically, and chemically characterized in several studies, whose results have highlighted their very low density (approximately 0.8 g/cm 3 ) and good thermal and sound-damping performance, among other properties [ 9 , 26 ]. In addition, these BPFs have been studied as fiber-reinforcement for generic composite materials (e.g., [ 6 , 8 , 19 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]) and also as fiber-reinforcement for cement-based and plastic-based construction composite materials (e.g., [ 7 , 11 , 19 , 22 , 27 , 28 ]). Nevertheless, the use of these BPFs as fiber-reinforcement for non-synthetic construction materials has been included in very few studies, which have mainly been focused on the use of BPFs as reinforcement in soil remediation applications [ 13 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biopolymer-Waste Fiber Reinforcement for Earthen Materials: Capillary, Mechanical, Impact, and Abrasion Performance

et al. 2020

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The poultry industry, highly prevalent worldwide, generates approximately 7.7 × 106 metric tons of chicken feathers (CFs), which become a major environmental challenge due to their disposal when considered waste or due to their energy transformation consumption when considered by-products. CFs are mainly composed of keratin (approximately 90%), which is one of the most important biopolymers whose inherent characteristics make CFs suitable as biopolymer fibers (BPFs). This paper first assesses the morphological and chemical characteristics of these BPFs, through scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and then evaluates the waste valorization of these BPFs as a sustainable alternative for fiber-reinforcement of earthen mixes intended for earthen construction, such as adobe masonry, rammed earth, and earthen plasters. In particular, four earthen mixes with increasing doses of BPFs (i.e., 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% of BPFs by weight of soil) were developed to evaluate the impact of BPF-reinforcement on the capillary, mechanical, impact, and abrasion performance of these earthen mixes. The addition of BPFs did not significantly affect the mechanical performance of earthen mixes, and their incorporation had a statistically significant positive effect on the impact performance and abrasion resistance of earthen mixes as the BPF dose increased. On the other hand, the addition of BPFs increased the capillary water absorption rate, possibly due to a detected increment in porosity, which might reduce the durability of water-exposed BPF-reinforced earthen mixes, but a statistically significant increment only occurred when the highest BPF dose was used (1%).

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Keratin Associations with Synthetic, Biosynthetic and Natural Polymers: An Extensive Review

Cited by 98 publications

References 302 publications

Properties and Degradation of Novel Fully Biodegradable PLA/PHB Blends Filled with Keratin

Properties and Degradation of Novel Fully Biodegradable PLA/PHB Blends Filled with Keratin

Hydrogels and Dentin–Pulp Complex Regeneration: From the Benchtop to Clinical Translation

Biopolymer-Waste Fiber Reinforcement for Earthen Materials: Capillary, Mechanical, Impact, and Abrasion Performance

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