Ketamine analogues multiplying in Hong Kong

Metabolite elucidation of 2‐fluoro‐deschloroketamine (2F‐DCK) using molecular networking across three complementary in vitro and in vivo models

“…Molecular networks building from high precision spectral data ([M + H] + and fragments) obtained through in vitro (HLMs and differentiated HepaRG cells) and in vivo approaches provide a solution for the identification of unknown metabolites of NPS, and offer a visual representation that facilitates the interpretation and understanding of toxicological results in the context of a death involving NPS. In the present study, this molecular network approach 1 allowed to propose a 2F‐DCK metabolic profile in agreement with that observed in authentic biological samples, and 2 strongly suggests that nor‐2F‐DCK and dihydro‐nor‐2F‐DCK could be used as robust, specific, and sensitive biomarkers of 2F‐DCK use.…”

“…New arylcyclohexylamine derivatives (NADs), a group of dissociative substances obtained by slight chemical modification on ketamine scaffold, are worldwide emerging 1,2 . A ketamine analogue called ‘2‐fluoro‐deschloroketamine’, ‘2F‐DCK’, or ‘2FK’, was recently identified 2–7 .…”

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

“…2019 reported cases involving identification of two ketamine analogues, 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine [2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-methylamino-cyclohexanone] and deschloro-ketamine (2-phenyl-2-methylamino-cyclohexanone) [ 677 ]; report of deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine causing a false positive phencyclidine immunoassay [ 678 ]; 2020 Identification of Psychoplastogenic N,N-Dimethylaminoisotryptamine (isoDMT) Analogues through Structure-Activity Relationship Studies [ 679 ]; a molecularly imprinted polymer for the SPE of arylcyclohexylamines [ 680 ]; case report of emergence of ketamine analogue, 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2F-DCK); 2021 reported case of two new arylcyclohexylamine derivatives: 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (2F-DCK) and 3-methoxyeticyclidine (3-MeO-PCE) with identification performed using NMR, HS-GC-FID, LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS methods [ 681 ]; LC-HRMS method using a benchtop Orbitrap instrument for the characterization of the novel ketamine analogues methoxpropamine, 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine and deschloroketamine [ 682 ]; SPE-GC-MS method for the detection of 2F-DCK and KET [ 683 ]; 2022 analysis of urine and drug powder by LC-MS for quantification of 3-OH-PCP, 3-MeO-PCP, 2F-DCK, N-ethylhexedrone, and CMC followed by building a molecular network to confirm the consumption of powders contained in the bags [ 684 ].…”

Social Media as Mobilizer and Demobilizer: Evidence From Taiwan

“…Furthermore, the recent series of protests occurring in Hong Kong in 2019 also point out the significance of social media in collective action. Specifically, the protesters in Hong Kong use social media platforms as the means of communication to collectively decide when, where and how to protest (Lai & Wu, 2019). While previous studies have mainly examined the mobilization and communication effects of social media on protest participation, Bond et al (2012) demonstrate that political mobilization messages delivered to 61 million Facebook users could directly influence political self-expression and information seeking, further increasing the probability that an individual voted in the 2010 United States congressional elections.…”