“…More than 10,000 published reports describe ketamine's high level of effectiveness and its confirmed biological safety in most cases, although like all drugs there is the possibility of some adverse effects in some people (Bauman, Kish, Baumann, & Politis, 1999;Dachs & Innes, 1997;Ersek, 2004;Reich & Silvay, 1989;Ross & Fochtman, 1995;Shapiro, Wyte, & Harris, 1972). Clinical studies have generally detected no long-term impairment of behavior or personality functioning as a result of repeated ketamine use (Siegal, 1978), but some individual case studies of ketamine dependence have raised questions at times (e.g., Jansen 1990, summary in Jansen 2001 and there have been some recent concerns about, for example, toxicity to the urinary system (e.g., Selby et al, 2008;Wood, 2013. ) According to several in vitro and animal studies, ketamine can even have neuroprotective properties under some circumstances Shapira, Artru, & Lam, 1992;Shapira, Lam, Eng, Laohaprasit, & Michel, 1994).…”