“…Importantly, pre-clinical studies have shown that pre-treatment with another NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, can block hypoglycemia-induced apoptosis of neurons ( Tasker et al, 1992 , Wieloch, 1985 ). As well, pre-treating rodents with ketamine induces prophylaxis against future stressors ( Amat et al, 2016 , Brachman et al, 2016 ); and, lowers blood ( Gonçalves et al, 2021 , Zhan et al, 2020 ) and central ( Zhang et al, 2016 ) levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( Mastrodonato et al, 2020 , Walker et al, 2015 ). Finally, ketamine also reverses depressive-like behaviors induced by hypoglycemic and psychophysical stressors ( Melanson et al, 2021 ).…”