Ketosis After Intake of Coconut Oil and Caprylic Acid—With and Without Glucose: A Cross-Over Study in Healthy Older Adults

Norgren, Jakob; Sindi, Shireen; Sandebring‐Matton, Anna; Kåreholt, Ingemar; Daniilidou, Makrina; Akenine, Ulrika; Nordin, Karin; Rosenborg, Staffan; Ngandu, Tiia; Kivipelto, Miia

doi:10.3389/fnut.2020.00040

Cited by 29 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…The highest BHB peak was 1.3 mmol/L. The MCT (C6-C12) contents of the test oils were 0% for sunflower oil, 100 % for caprylic acid (C8 only) and ≈62% (mainly C12) for coconut oil (Norgren et al, 2020b ). The main fatty acid constituents of sunflower oil were C18:2 (48–74%) and C18:1 (14–39%), according to the ranges specified by the manufacturer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The arms selected were presumed to represent three different ketone levels: lower (sunflower oil, 30 g; lowK), midrange (coconut oil, 30 g; midK) and higher (caprylic acid, 20 g + coconut oil, 30 g; highK). Ketone levels—measured as BHB, area under the curve (AUC)/time—turned out not to differ significantly between midK (0.22 mmol/L) and lowK (0.18 mmol/L), but for highK (0.45 mmol/L) vs. the other two (Norgren et al, 2020b ). The highest BHB peak was 1.3 mmol/L.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details of the study method have been published previously (Norgren et al, 2020a , b ), and a summary of details relevant for this article follows here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Induction of the metabolic state ketosis, characterized by increased circulating levels of the ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), is a hallmark of ketogenic diets (Volek et al, 2015 ). Supplements in the form of ketogenic medium-chain triglycerides (kMCT) (Bach and Babayan, 1982 ; Norgren et al, 2020b ) and exogenous ketones (Poff et al, 2020 ) provide an opportunity to study ketosis in the absence of carbohydrate restriction. Improved cognitive performance in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or AD has been reported after intake of kMCT in some (Reger et al, 2004 ; Henderson et al, 2009 ; Ota et al, 2019 ; Fortier et al, 2020 ), but not in other (Henderson et al, 2020 ), studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current article is based on a previously reported clinical trial—with the primary goal to investigate the acute ketogenic effects of ingested medium-chain-triglycerides—which indicated that caprylic acid raise BHB levels in blood 15–30 min after ingestion with a peak after 2–3 h (Norgren et al, 2020b ). The primary aim of the current sub-study was to investigate if blood levels of BHB, and changes of those levels, were associated with BDNF levels (proBDNF and mBDNF) in healthy older adults after intake of different fatty acids, including kMCT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serum proBDNF Is Associated With Changes in the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate and Shows Superior Repeatability Over Mature BDNF: Secondary Outcomes From a Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Older Adults

Norgren

Daniilidou

Kåreholt

et al. 2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Background: β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) can upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in mice, but little is known about the associations between BHB and BDNF in humans. The primary aim here was to investigate whether ketosis (i.e., raised BHB levels), induced by a ketogenic supplement, influences serum levels of mature BDNF (mBDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in healthy older adults. A secondary aim was to determine the intra-individual stability (repeatability) of those biomarkers, measured as intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC).Method: Three of the arms in a 6-arm randomized cross-over trial were used for the current sub-study. Fifteen healthy volunteers, 65–75 y, 53% women, were tested once a week. Test oils, mixed in coffee and cream, were ingested after a 12-h fast. Labeled by their level of ketosis, the arms provided: sunflower oil (lowK); coconut oil (midK); caprylic acid + coconut oil (highK). Repeated blood samples were collected for 4 h after ingestion. Serum BDNF levels were analyzed for changes from baseline to 1, 2 and 4 h to compare the arms. Individual associations between BHB and BDNF were analyzed cross-sectionally and for a delayed response (changes in BHB 0–2 h to changes in BDNF at 0–4 h). ICC estimates were calculated from baseline levels from the three study days.Results: proBDNF increased more in highK vs. lowK between 0 and 4 h (z-score: β = 0.25, 95% CI 0.07–0.44; p = 0.007). Individual change in BHB 0–2 h, predicted change in proBDNF 0–4 h, (β = 0.40, CI 0.12–0.67; p = 0.006). Change in mBDNF was lower in highK vs. lowK at 0–2 h (β = −0.88, CI −1.37 to −0.40; p < 0.001) and cumulatively 0–4 h (β = −1.01, CI −1.75 to −0.27; p = 0.01), but this could not be predicted by BHB levels. ICC was 0.96 (95% CI 0.92–0.99) for proBDNF, and 0.72 (CI 0.47–0.89) for mBDNF.Conclusions: The findings support a link between changes in peripheral BHB and proBDNF in healthy older adults. For mBDNF, changes differed between arms but independent to BHB levels. Replication is warranted due to the small sample. Excellent repeatability encourages future investigations on proBDNF as a predictor of brain health.Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03904433.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details of the study method have been published previously (Norgren et al, 2020a , b ), and a summary of details relevant for this article follows here.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Serum proBDNF Is Associated With Changes in the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate and Shows Superior Repeatability Over Mature BDNF: Secondary Outcomes From a Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Older Adults

Norgren

Daniilidou

Kåreholt

et al. 2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Coconut-sourced MCT oil: its potential health benefits beyond traditional coconut oil

Duranova,

Kuzelova,

Fialkova

et al. 2024

Phytochem Rev

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Plant dietary lipids remain one of the most intriguing and complex classes of biological molecules. Among them, medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) have garnered recognition for their unique physico-chemical properties and potential health benefits. Despite their classification as saturated fats, they stand apart from other saturated fatty acids due to their distinctive characteristics, positioning them as a valuable component in nutrition. While traditional dietary fats primarily contain long-chain triglycerides (LCTs), MCTs consist of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), naturally found in coconut and palm oils. The structural dissimilarity grants MCTs advantageous attributes, encompassing rapid digestion and absorption, providing a swift source of energy. Importantly, MCT oil derived from coconuts surpasses traditional coconut oil in efficiency and speed of energy conversion due to its higher concentration of readily metabolizable MCTs, making it a superior choice in human nutrition. This comprehensive study delves deeply into the potential of coconut-derived MCT oil, illuminating its chemical constituents, production from coconut oil, distinctive physical and chemical properties, and metabolic characteristics. Additionally, it highlights a range of potential biological activities of the oil, including its efficacy in managing gastrointestinal disorders and promising roles in anticancer, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial effects. The report also discusses the extensive applications of MCT oil across diverse industrial and technological sectors, as well as its utilization in structured lipids, oleogels, and as a carrier for capsaicin. Addressing safety concerns and providing dosage guidelines, this paper emphasizes MCT oil as an alternative to coconut oil in various applications, offering a holistic perspective on its benefits.

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Green extraction of pigment from astaxanthin-producing algae using natural deep eutectic solvents

Al Fuhaid,

Wellman,

Kharbatia

et al. 2024

Algal Research

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Ketosis After Intake of Coconut Oil and Caprylic Acid—With and Without Glucose: A Cross-Over Study in Healthy Older Adults

Cited by 29 publications

References 34 publications

Serum proBDNF Is Associated With Changes in the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate and Shows Superior Repeatability Over Mature BDNF: Secondary Outcomes From a Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Older Adults

Serum proBDNF Is Associated With Changes in the Ketone Body β-Hydroxybutyrate and Shows Superior Repeatability Over Mature BDNF: Secondary Outcomes From a Cross-Over Trial in Healthy Older Adults

Coconut-sourced MCT oil: its potential health benefits beyond traditional coconut oil

Green extraction of pigment from astaxanthin-producing algae using natural deep eutectic solvents

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