Key biological factors related to outcrossing-productivity of cytoplasmic-nuclear male-sterile lines in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

Nectar secretion of RN-type cytoplasmic male sterility three lines in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]

“…In addition to morphological characters such as number, size, color and openness of flowers, the quantity and quality of rewards including nectar, pollen grains, and volatile matter may play an important role in this preferential attraction (Erickson 1975(Erickson , 1983(Erickson , 1984a. A parallel trend was found between insect number and amount of flower nectar in a day with a peak time from 12:00-13:00 in Taiyuan of China, suggesting that soybean nectar attracts insects (Dai et al 2017). Erickson (1984b) proposed that soybean secreted nectar, and great variation of quantity (0 to 0.8 µL) and quality was found among different genotypes.…”

“…For example, more bees were observed in the plot of variety "Wayne" than that of "Harosoy". The seed-setting rate of CMS lines varied greatly among genotypes from less than 10% to over 100%, and also changed in different environments (Dai et al 2017). This means that the seed-setting rate of CMS A-lines is an indicator of success of pollen transfer and preferential attractiveness.…”

Male sterility in soybean: Occurrence, molecular basis and utilization

“…), crop growth and development, pollen development and nectar secretion (Zhang, Sun, et al, ; Zhao et al, ). Secondly, the outcrossing rate of pollination mainly via insects, bees, etc directly determines the seed production of soybean hybrids (Dai et al, ; Zhao et al, ). Thirdly, the outcrossing rate of soybean itself and the number of pollens determines the seed production level, and therefore, the environment, pollination media and crops itself are three key factors affecting the production of soybean hybrids (Zhao et al, ).…”

“…After decades of research progress, approximately 30 NMS lines/mutants ( St1 , ms1 – ms9 , msMOS , msp , etc; Table ) and ~50 CMS systems (NJCMS1A–NJCMS5A, OA, YA, JLCMS9A, W931A, etc; Table ) have been identified. Moreover, over the past few decades, extensive researches on the different aspects of soybean MS (CMS and NMS system) had been conducted based on traditional breeding and development of modern molecular technology, which mainly included hybrid seed production and population improvement (Ding, Gai, Cui, & Qiu, ; Gai & Fehr, ; Grayboach & Palmer, ; Jin, Horner, & Palmer, ; Lewers & Palmer, ; Sun, Zhao, & Huang, ; Sun, Zhao, Wang, Wang, & Li, ; Wang et al, ; Xie, ; Zhao et al, , ), three‐line breeding (Bai & Gai, ; Dai et al, ; Ding et al, ; Li, Ding, et al, ; Nie, Zhao, Yang, & Gai, ; Zhao & Gai, ) and recurrent selection (Lewers & Palmer, ; Si, Wang, Qiu, Gai, & Burton, ; Song, Wu, & Gai, ; Zhao et al, ). In addition, cytology and structural characteristics (Bione, Pagliarini, & Almeida, ; Chen, Albertsen, & Palmer, ; Chen & Palmer, ; Ding & Gai, ; Zhang, Sun, et al, ), genetics (Bai & Gai, ; Baumbach et al, ; Cervantes‐Martinez et al, , ; Kato & Palmer, , ; Ott et al, ; Perez‐Sackett & Palmer, ; Speth et al, ; Yang et al, ), tissue structure (chloroplasts and mitochondria) (Bione, Pagliarini, & Almeida, ; Chang et al, ; Horn et al, ; Lin et al, ), epigenetics and omics level (Ding et al, ; Ding, Wang, et al, ; Ding, Zhang, et al, ; Han et al, ; Li et al, , ; Li, Yang, & Gai, ; Li, Ding, et al, ), localization and function of fertility and restoring gene traits were also studied (Baumbach et al, ; Dong et al,…”

Gene flow from transgenic soybean, developed to obtain recombinant proteins for use in the skin care industry, to non-transgenic soybean

“…Because the airborne release of soybean pollen is very limited, soybean pollination is not mediated by wind [10]. Insect pollinators, particularly many bee species, play important roles in soybean pollination [11][12][13][14][15]. The presence of adequate insect pollinators, distance from pollen source, location, season, pollen recipient genotype, and ambient temperature can affect the natural cross-pollination of soybean [8,[16][17][18].…”