Key Factors of Development of Electromobility AMONG Microentrepreneurs: A Case Study from Poland

Skowrońska-Szmer, Anna; Kowalska-Pyzalska, Anna

doi:10.3390/en14030764

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Modified constraints (19) assure that during the entire planning horizon, vehicle v serves only one type of recyclables r. Constraints (20) were modified by introducing variables z vr and y vr0jt . If a garbage truck v departs from the depot to pickup point j to collect the recyclables r, then this vehicle is allowed to collect exclusively recyclables r during the entire planning horizon.…”

Section: Rcrbp Adapted For Using Electric Garbage Trucksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the The European Green Deal, the EU Member Countries are obliged to achieve climate neutrality by 2050 [17]; therefore, it is strongly recommended-and in the European Union, to some extent, even mandatory-to replace conventional-fuel-based vocational vehicles, including garbage trucks with zero-emission ones, e.g., electric vehicles [18,19]. In Poland, where electromobility still holds a small share of the transportation sector [20], the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels obliges municipal service providers to guarantee that 30% of their fleets are comprised of zero-emission vehicles (ZEV) by 2028; the act foresees the following thresholds to reach: 5% by 2021, 10% in 2022, and 20% in 2025 [21]. Fleet management finds augmenting the share of electric vehicles (EV) challenging, due to the differences in the main characteristics of an electric truck compared to conventional ones [22][23][24], e.g., range, capacity, or noise level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recyclables Collection Route Balancing Problem with Heterogeneous Fleet

2021

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Nowadays, robust and efficient solid waste collection is crucial to motivate citizens to participate in the circular economy by sorting recyclable solid waste. Vocational vehicles, including garbage trucks, contribute significantly to CO2 emissions; therefore, it is strongly recommended, and in the European Union it is mandatory, to replace conventional-fuel-based garbage trucks with electric ones. For providing sustainable and energy-efficient solid waste collection with a heterogeneous fleet, in-depth mathematical computations are needed to support solving complex decision-making problems, including crew rostering and vehicle routing, because the distance and capacity of electric garbage trucks differ from conventional-fuel-based ones. However, the literature on solid waste collection using electric garbage trucks is still relatively scarce. The main contribution of this paper is developing an optimization problem for balancing travel distance assigned to each garbage truck of a heterogeneous fleet. The problem is based on specific requirements of the Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cracow, Poland, where the working time of routes is balanced and the total time of collection service can be minimized. For the problem, an MIP program was developed to generate optimal crew schedules, so that the hitherto network of segregated solid waste pickup nodes can be served using a heterogeneous fleet in which the share of electric garbage trucks is up to 30%. We study the impact of the changed composition of the fleet on modifications in crew rostering due to the shorter range of an electric vehicle compared to a conventional-fuel-based one.

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Section: Rcrbp Adapted For Using Electric Garbage Trucksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recyclables Collection Route Balancing Problem with Heterogeneous Fleet

2021

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“…In the EU, there is a strong recommendation, even a requirement, to withdraw diesel-powered vocational vehicles and compose the fleet using zero-emission alternatives, e.g., hybrid, hydrogen, or electric cars [16,17]. In Poland, where electromobility still has a small share of the market [18], the Act on Electromobility and Alternative Fuels required organizations responsible for delivering services within a municipality to undertake actions towards transforming their fleet compositions, so that by 2028, 30% of their vehicle can be considered as zero-emission vehicles (ZEV). To achieve this goal, specific interim targets have been established: 5% by 2021, 10% by 2022, and 20% by 2025 [19].…”

Section: Fleet Transition In Solid Waste Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategic Decision-Making for Multi-Period Fleet Transition Towards Zero-Emission: Preliminary Study

Bieda,

Książek,

Gdowska

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) struggles with significant policy and operational challenges, particularly concerning collection routes for recyclables and fleet composition. Within the European Union, phasing out traditional fuel-based vocational vehicles, like garbage trucks, in favor of zero-emission alternatives, is mandatory to achieve sustainable development objectives. This paper presents a preliminary study on the problem of multi-period fleet transition from combustive fuels towards more eco-friendly fueling types. Initially developed for energy sector, the MARKAL framework was used here to support the technological transition of the fleet. The mixed-integer program was formulated for the Fleet Transition Problem (FTP), a simplified theoretical problem. The objective of the FTP and a mixed-integer linear program used to solve it is minimizing the overall cost of fleet modernization throughout a multi-phase planning horizon so that the sustainable transition of the fleet can be assured. Computational experiments run on randomly generated data instances affirmed the model’s effectiveness in strategizing fleet transition. This research outlines a multi-period model for transitioning to a zero-emission fleet and demonstrates the FTP’s potential for strategic decision-making. Notably, the study observes consistent reductions in permissible emissions across the planning horizon.

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“…The cost is undoubtedly higher for luxury brands. The replacement of a gearbox in a vehicle with an internal combustion engine costs about the same amount as replacing the battery in an electric car [30].…”

Section: Costs Of Maintenance and Operation Of Electric Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance and Exploitation of Electric, Hybrid, and Internal Combustion Vehicles

Krzyżewska,

Chruzik

2023

Energies

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This paper presents an analysis of the costs, failure rate, vulnerability, and safety of electric, hybrid, and internal combustion vehicles (EV, HEV, and ICEV), including a review of literature sources, calculations, and investigations. Many literature sources do not provide information on maintenance costs (including repairs and servicing) and limit themselves to energy costs only. However, this cost is not the total cost of the maintenance of a vehicle. There is a lack of analysis of the difference between the maintenance and operating costs of vehicles. Similarly, vulnerability is difficult to determine in vehicles that are used for a short time in the market. The article presents an analysis of literature sources and industry reports on electromobility on maintenance costs, determines the failure rate, calculates vulnerability indices based on a survey, and carries out an expert risk assessment using the FMEA method. In the surveyed companies, the largest percentage of repairs are maintenance and service, mechanical, electrical and electronic, bodywork, and other repairs for each vehicle. Some of the most common faults in electric and hybrid vehicles are battery failures. The only hazard with a tolerable impact is the lack of sufficient data in the maintenance analysis. This risk can be mitigated in subsequent stages of product readiness once more data have been analysed.

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Key Factors of Development of Electromobility AMONG Microentrepreneurs: A Case Study from Poland

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Recyclables Collection Route Balancing Problem with Heterogeneous Fleet

Recyclables Collection Route Balancing Problem with Heterogeneous Fleet

Strategic Decision-Making for Multi-Period Fleet Transition Towards Zero-Emission: Preliminary Study

Maintenance and Exploitation of Electric, Hybrid, and Internal Combustion Vehicles

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