Key Factors of Laser-Induced Single Event Transients on Different SiGe Process

X-Ray Calc 3: improved software for simulation and inverse problem solving for X-ray reflectivity

“…The algorithms used in XRC for calculating XRR are described in detail elsewhere (Penkov et al, 2020;Li et al, 2023). The Parratt algorithm is used for simulating specular XRR.…”

“…9(b)]. These PMMs were deposited using pulse DC sputtering for Mo and RF sputtering for B as described by Li et al (2023) and Penkov et al (2021). The substrate holder was water cooled during the deposition, so the temperature did not exceed 50 � C. The XRR was measured using a Malvern Panalytical Empyrean diffractometer equipped with a W/Si Go ¨bel mirror in monochromatic Cu K� 1 radiation.…”

“…In the previous implementation of the LFPSO algorithm (Li et al, 2023), each layer in the structure was treated independently, which was suitable for non-periodic coatings (referred to as the 'regular structure'). However, this approach inefficiently utilizes computational resources when fitting periodic structures like regular PMMs.…”

“…However, as previously mentioned, solving the inverse problem in XRR analysis on the basis of measured data requires tackling a challenging task that involves numerous non-linear optimization parameters. A recent study demonstrated that implementing the Levy flight particle swarm optimization (LFPSO) algorithm can greatly enhance the solution of the inverse XRR problem (Li et al, 2023). The Levy flight is a form of random walk that employs the Levy distribution to determine the size of each step taken.…”

“…This search strategy is renowned for its efficiency in global optimization, owing to the long jumps made by the particles (Haklı & Ug ˘uz, 2014;Jensi & Jiji, 2016). Initially, the LFPSO algorithm was implemented by combining MATLAB with a parallelized command-line version of XRC (Li et al, 2023). The MATLAB code generated a set of solutions (particles) and invoked the XRC executable to calculate the XRR for each solution.…”