“…Metabarcoding of eDNA has proved highly successful in freshwater and marine systems (Egeter et al, 2018 ; Furlan et al, 2020 ; Harper, Handley, et al, 2019 ; Palacios et al, 2020 ; Thomsen et al, 2012 ; Ushio et al, 2017 , Wang et al, 2021 ). However, despite rapid advancements in the technology, it is currently difficult to apply metabarcoding to terrestrial biomonitoring where eDNA may not be well preserved (van der Heyde et al, 2020 ), appropriate sampling substrates may be limited (Fahner et al, 2016 ; van der Heyde et al, 2020 , 2021 ), consistent protocols to sample substrates are not well established (Harrison et al, 2019 ; van der Heyde et al, 2022 ), and reference databases for arid habitat taxa are incomplete (Bradford et al, 2010 ; Carrasco‐Puga et al, 2021 ; Egeter et al, 2018 ; Palacios et al, 2020 ; van der Heyde et al, 2020 ). As a result, the application of eDNA for biomonitoring in arid lands is rare.…”