Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite

Müeller, Ivo; Galinski, Mary R.; Baird, J. Kevin; Carlton, Jane M.; Kochar, Dhanpat Kumar; Alonso, Pedro L.; Portillo, Hernando A. del

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70177-x

Cited by 592 publications

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“…Plasmodium vivax, a relatively neglected human malaria parasite, is a major public health challenge for Central and South America, the Middle East, Central, South and Southeast Asia, Oceania and East Africa, where 2.85 billion people are currently at risk of infection and 70-80 million clinical cases are reported each year (Mueller et al 2009, Guerra et al 2010. The emergence of drug-resistant strains and severe (sometimes fatal) disease challenges the traditional view of vivax malaria as a benign infection (Price et al 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Brito

Ferreira

2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Enhanced understanding of the transmission dynamics and population genetics for Key words: malaria -Plasmodium vivax -genetic markers -genetic diversity -multiple-clone infections -microsatellitesMarkers and genetic diversity of P. vivax • Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito, Marcelo Urbano Ferreira 13 tual heterozygosity (H E ) values. Virtual H E is the average probability that a pair of alleles randomly obtained from the population is different. Whenever appropriate, in this review we provide H E estimates obtained using different markers for different populations.Molecular markers under selection -Until recently, most genetic markers available for characterising natural P. vivax populations were orthologues of previously identified P. falciparum antigen-coding genes. The wellcharacterised polymorphic regions in these genes have been extensively used to analyse genetic diversity patterns in P. falciparum (Roy et al. 2008). A similar approach has been explored in vivax-oriented studies (Cui et al. 2003a). The following single-copy genes in P. vivax have often been used in these studies: gam1, coding for the gametocyte antigen 1, csp, coding for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), msp1 and msp3alpha, coding for the merozoite surface proteins (MSP)-1 and 3α, respectively, ama1, coding for the apical membrane antigen 1, and dbp, coding for the Duffy binding protein (DBP) ( Table I).A notable feature of several P. vivax surface antigens (including major vaccine-candidate molecules) is tandem arrays of relatively short amino acid motifs. The CSP in P. vivax (PvCSP), an abundant antigen on the surface of sporozoites that has been extensively used as a vaccine development target, has immunodominant B-cell epitopes that map to central repeats between nonrepetitive sequences (Nardin & Zavala 1998). PvCSP displays two major types of nonapeptide repeats [most commonly GDRA(D/A)GQPA and ANGA(G/D)(N/D)QPG], which define the variants known as VK210 and VK247, respectively (Arnot et al. 1985, Rosenberg et al. 1989 (Fig. 1). Both VK210 and VK247 variants are globally distributed, but geographic biases have been described (Cochrane et al. 1990, Qari et al. 1993a. Similar repetitive sequences are found in Brazil, Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea (Qari et al. 1991(Qari et al. , 1992. However, markedly divergent sequence variants were found in isolates from China and North Korea (Mann et al. 1994). Although VK210 and VK247-type sequences often occur in sympatric parasite populations, there are no examples of a hybrid repeat array with both repeat types (Lim et al. 2005).A third type of repeat unit [APGANQ(E/G)GAA], identical to that described for Plasmodium simiovale, characterises the so-called P. vivax-like parasites (Qari et al. 1993a). Although P. vivax-like CSP repeats have been found in parasite isolates across the world, its global distribution remains unconfirmed (Gopinath et al. 1994). In Brazil, P. vivax-like parasites have been identified only in mixed-clone infections with VK210-type or VK247-type parasites (Machado...

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Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Brito

Ferreira

2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Both this and other studies have indicated that severe malaria can be caused by P. vivax, the so called "falciparum like" syndrome [22][23][24][25]. No cases of severe P. knowlesi malaria were reported in Serbia in the analyzed time span.…”

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confidence: 68%

Severe Imported Malaria in a Serbian Referral Center

Karić¹

2017

J Trop Dis

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“…Alternatively, it could be a side effect of the improved water quality of Huang-Huai River since this amplified the rice planting area, a situation that expanded the breeding habitats of the Anopheles vector (Huang et al, 2011). It could also have to do with long-term dormant liver stages of P. vivax resulting in relapse of the infection after the end of treatment (Mueller et al, 2009). The results received after the shift in control approach in 2010 confirm the efficacy of the APCME.…”

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confidence: 93%

Elimination of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax in central part of the People’s Republic of China: analysis and prediction based on modelling

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Abstract. Five provinces in central People's Republic of China (P.R. China) have successfully reduced the burden of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax in the last 7 years. The results of the Action Plan of China Malaria Elimination (APCME) that commenced in 2010 are analysed against the background of the progress reached by the national malaria control programme (NMEP) that was launched in 2006. We examined the epidemiological changes in the number of autochthonous cases over time and discuss the feasibility of achieving the goal of malaria elimination by 2020. There was a total decline of 34,320 malaria cases between 2006 and 2012 arriving at an average annual incidence of 0.04 per 10,000 people by 2012. At the same time, the number of counties reporting autochthonous cases declined from 290 to 19. Spatial autocorrelation and Bayesian modelling were used to evaluate the datasets and predict the spatio-temporal pattern in the near future. The former approach showed that spatial clusters of P. vivax malaria existed in the study region during the study period, while the risk prediction map generated by the Bayesian model indicates that only sporadic malaria cases will appear during in the future. The results suggest that the initial NMEP approach and the follow-up APCME strategy have played a key role in reducing the threat of malaria in central P.R. China. However, to achieve the goal of malaria elimination by the end of the current decade, intervention plans must be adjusted with attention paid to those endemic counties still at risk according to the prediction map.

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Key gaps in the knowledge of Plasmodium vivax, a neglected human malaria parasite

Cited by 592 publications

References 99 publications

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Severe Imported Malaria in a Serbian Referral Center

Elimination of malaria due to Plasmodium vivax in central part of the People’s Republic of China: analysis and prediction based on modelling

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