Key issues and research priorities for public participation GIS (PPGIS): A synthesis based on empirical research

Effects of land tenure and protected areas on ecosystem services and land use preferences in Norway

“…About half of the participants were from 432 families with children. The PPGIS participation bias toward more highly educated and higher income 433 males is consistent with other reported PPGIS studies in developed countries (Brown and Kyttä, 2014). 434 We assessed the geographic distribution of participants by plotting the number of participants 435 by their postcode which is a geographical area representing multiple households See summer farms were also mapped in the study area (n=700) and appear very important to Norwegian 451 cultural identity and lifestyle.…”

Mapping adaptive capacity and smallholder agriculture: applying expert knowledge at the landscape scale

“…The expert mapping and classification process borrows from both rapid rural appraisal (RRA) methodologies associated with the fields of rural agricultural development and disaster risk management (Chambers 1981) and the burgeoning field of participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) (Brown and Kyttä 2014). The map plays a central role in the process of data collection, serving as a forum for dialogue and a negotiation space for validation of expert input.…”

Spatial Solutions for the Environmental Protection Agency ÐBrownfields to HealthfieldsÓ Program: Utilization of Mixed Methods to Assess Application Effectiveness and Usability

“…Additionally there was no clear differentiation on who the "public" is defined to be, and the details on their level of participation were not measured. Based on these concerns, there was still a need for the concepts of PPGIS not only to be clarified, but also to be improved [11], as well as for new approaches to continue to be advanced in the process. PPGIS should not only be effective in including community voices and perspectives such as the policy makers, those with additional knowledge, and those affected by the policy [4], but it should also improve GIS for health and policy equity for diverse populations.…”

“…PPGIS was known to be the method for non-expert GIS involvement, distinct for "empowering" GIS users of diverse backgrounds for purposeful use of the technology in the inclusion of local knowledge [8]. The main goal in developing PPGIS was to design applications in order to empower underprivileged and marginalized populations [3], or at least to increase involvement of affected populations, to understand their observations, experiences, and needs [11]. Nonetheless, the concern with PPGIS was that it did not accomplish enough to represent marginalized peoples.…”