Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines

Reed, Steven G.; Orr, Mark T.; Fox, Christopher B.

doi:10.1038/nm.3409

Cited by 1,163 publications

(1,157 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Modern vaccines employ more purified proteins as well as novel adjuvant formulations, 77 and many older vaccines are being mixed into single dose combination vaccines. However, the increased availability of vaccines means that simultaneous multiple vaccines may be given during the same visit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of antipyretic analgesics on immune responses to vaccination

Saleh

Moody

Walter

2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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While antipyretic analgesics are widely used to ameliorate vaccine adverse reactions, their use has been associated with blunted vaccine immune responses. Our objective was to review literature evaluating the effect of antipyretic analgesics on vaccine immune responses and to highlight potential underlying mechanisms. Observational studies reporting on antipyretic use around the time of immunization concluded that their use did not affect antibody responses. Only few randomized clinical trials demonstrated blunted antibody response of unknown clinical significance. This effect has only been noted following primary vaccination with novel antigens and disappears following booster immunization. The mechanism by which antipyretic analgesics reduce antibody response remains unclear and not fully explained by COX enzyme inhibition. Recent work has focused on the involvement of nuclear and subcellular signaling pathways. More detailed immunological investigations and a systems biology approach are needed to precisely define the impact and mechanism of antipyretic effects on vaccine immune responses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of antipyretic analgesics on immune responses to vaccination

Saleh

Moody

Walter

2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…A key contrast between sporozoite vaccines and the recombinant protein RTS,S vaccine is the need for adjuvants to boost the immune response to the subunit vaccine. RTS,S contains a combined adjuvant with a saponin and toll‐like receptor agonist 82. This adjuvant combination is one of only a handful approved for use in humans, with few able to induce the size and correctly tailored immune response driven by either natural infection or vaccination with an attenuated or inactivated pathogen 82.…”

Section: Human Vaccines: Recent Progress and Continuing Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RTS,S contains a combined adjuvant with a saponin and toll‐like receptor agonist 82. This adjuvant combination is one of only a handful approved for use in humans, with few able to induce the size and correctly tailored immune response driven by either natural infection or vaccination with an attenuated or inactivated pathogen 82. The live vaccines are, however, more likely to lead to adverse effects or negative side‐effects 82, 85.…”

Section: Human Vaccines: Recent Progress and Continuing Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T‐cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination

2018

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SummaryImmunological memory provides rapid protection to pathogens previously encountered through infection or vaccination. CD4 T‐cells play a central role in all adaptive immune responses. Vaccines must, therefore, activate CD4 T‐cells if they are to generate protective immunity. For many diseases, we do not have effective vaccines. These include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis and malaria, which are responsible for many millions of deaths each year across the globe. CD4 T‐cells play many different roles during the immune response coordinating the actions of many other cells. In order to harness the diverse protective effects of memory CD4 T‐cells, we need to understand how memory CD4 T‐cells are generated and how they protect the host. Here we review recent findings on the location of different subsets of memory CD4 T‐cells that are found in peripheral tissues (tissue resident memory T‐cells) and in the circulation (central and effector memory T‐cells). We discuss the generation of these cells, and the evidence that demonstrates how they provide immune protection in animal and human challenge models.

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“…Thus, an adjuvant/delivery system must be included to stimulate an immune response against the peptide antigen. 2 The long-term pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses are generated through the propagation of memory B-and Tcells. Lymphocyte B-cells can produce pathogen-specific opsonic or neutralizing antibodies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Fluorinated and Nonfluorinated Lipids in Self-Adjuvanting Delivery Systems for Peptide-Based Vaccines

Hussein

Mukaida

Azmi

et al. 2017

ACS Med. Chem. Lett.

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Safe immunostimulants (adjuvants) are essential for the development of highly potent peptide-based vaccines. This study examined for the first time whether fluorinated lipids could stimulate humoral immunity in vivo when conjugated to peptide antigen. The impact of fluorination on humoral immunity was tested using a library of peptide-based vaccine candidates against the group A streptococcus (GAS). The fluorinated constructs stimulated similar mouse IgG titers to those elicited by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and were higher than those produced in mice that received the nonfluorinated constructs.

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Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines

Cited by 1,163 publications

References 122 publications

Effect of antipyretic analgesics on immune responses to vaccination

Effect of antipyretic analgesics on immune responses to vaccination

The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T‐cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination

Comparison of Fluorinated and Nonfluorinated Lipids in Self-Adjuvanting Delivery Systems for Peptide-Based Vaccines

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